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      Pros y contras del teletrabajo en la salud física y mental de la población general trabajadora: una revisión narrativa exploratoria Translated title: Pros and cons of teleworking in relation to the physical and mental health of the working general population: a narrative exploratory review

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          Abstract

          Resumen El teletrabajo es una realidad compleja que se encuentra en pleno desarrollo desde hace varias décadas. La situación de pandemia por la COVID-19 aceleró dicho proceso. Son variadas las formas de presentación, siendo la del trabajo a domicilio quizás de las más frecuentes. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión narrativa exploratoria y reflexiva sobre el teletrabajo en los aspectos positivos (pros) y negativos (contras) en relación con la salud física y mental de la persona teletrabajadora. Así, de la literatura consultada se identifican factores de riesgo para la salud de los teletrabajadores, mayoritariamente corresponden a daños derivados de la exposición a riesgos psicosociales y ergonómicos. Destacan como daños a la salud mental las alteraciones del sueño, la ansiedad y la angustia y la depresión. Con respecto a los daños a la salud física se identifican trastornos músculo-esqueléticos, alteraciones derivadas de la disminución de la actividad física por el sedentarismo y el estrés, en particular enfermedades no transmisibles, y alteraciones de la visión. Desde la prevención se deberán fomentar acciones dirigidas a políticas vinculadas con la organización del teletrabajo. En particular se deberá prestar atención a los tiempos de trabajo y de descanso, asegurando el denominado derecho a la desconexión. El diseño ergonómico del puesto de trabajo y la realización de pausas activas son elementos que contribuyen también al bienestar del trabajador. La participación activa de los actores sociales, trabajadores, empleadores y Estado, resulta estratégica para que el teletrabajo contribuya al trabajo decente y no a su precarización.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Teleworking has been growing over the decades, arising many challenges to overcome. The COVID-19 pandemic situation accelerated this process. The forms of presentation are varied, homework perhaps is the most frequent. The objective of this study was to carry out a review on teleworking in the positive and negative aspects in relation to the physical and mental health of the teleworker. So, from the literature consulted, risk factors for health are identified, most of them correspond to damages derived from exposure to psychosocial and ergonomic risks. Sleep disturbances, anxiety and distress, and depression stand out as damage to mental health. With regard to damage to physical health, musculoskeletal disorders, alterations resulting from the decrease in physical activity due to sedentary lifestyle and stress, in particular non-communicable diseases, and alterations in vision are also identified. From a preventive perspective, actions aimed at policies linked to the organization of teleworking should be encouraged. In particular, those related with working and resting times, ensuring, among other aspects, the so-called right to disconnection. The ergonomic design of the workstation and taking active breaks are an element that also contributes to the well-being of the worker. The active participation of social actors, workers, employers and the state is strategic for teleworking, contributing to decent work and not to its precariousness.

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          Most cited references36

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          Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis.

          Sedentary (sitting) behaviours are ubiquitous in modern society. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association of sedentary time with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for terms related to sedentary time and health outcomes. Cross-sectional and prospective studies were included. RR/HR and 95% CIs were extracted by two independent reviewers. Data were adjusted for baseline event rate and pooled using a random-effects model. Bayesian predictive effects and intervals were calculated to indicate the variance in outcomes that would be expected if new studies were conducted in the future. Eighteen studies (16 prospective, two cross-sectional) were included, with 794,577 participants. Fifteen of these studies were moderate to high quality. The greatest sedentary time compared with the lowest was associated with a 112% increase in the RR of diabetes (RR 2.12; 95% credible interval [CrI] 1.61, 2.78), a 147% increase in the RR of cardiovascular events (RR 2.47; 95% CI 1.44, 4.24), a 90% increase in the risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.90; 95% CrI 1.36, 2.66) and a 49% increase in the risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.49; 95% CrI 1.14, 2.03). The predictive effects and intervals were only significant for diabetes. Sedentary time is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality; the strength of the association is most consistent for diabetes.
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            A rapid review of mental and physical health effects of working at home: how do we optimise health?

            Background The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in changes to the working arrangements of millions of employees who are now based at home and may continue to work at home, in some capacity, for the foreseeable future. Decisions on how to promote employees’ health whilst working at home (WAH) need to be based on the best available evidence to optimise worker outcomes. The aim of this rapid review was to review the impact of WAH on individual workers’ mental and physical health, and determine any gender difference, to develop recommendations for employers and employees to optimise workers’ health. Method A search was undertaken in three databases, PsychInfo, ProQuest, and Web of Science, from 2007 to May 2020. Selection criteria included studies which involved employees who regularly worked at home, and specifically reported on physical or mental health-related outcomes. Two review authors independently screened studies for inclusion, one author extracted data and conducted risk of bias assessments with review by a second author. Results Twenty-three papers meet the selection criteria for this review. Ten health outcomes were reported: pain, self-reported health, safety, well-being, stress, depression, fatigue, quality of life, strain and happiness. The impact on health outcomes was strongly influenced by the degree of organisational support available to employees, colleague support, social connectedness (outside of work), and levels of work to family conflict. Overall, women were less likely to experience improved health outcomes when WAH. Conclusions This review identified several health outcomes affected by WAH. The health/work relationship is complex and requires consideration of broader system factors to optimise the effects of WAH on workers’ health. It is likely mandated WAH will continue to some degree for the foreseeable future; organisations will need to implement formalised WAH policies that consider work-home boundary management support, role clarity, workload, performance indicators, technical support, facilitation of co-worker networking, and training for managers.
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              Telework and health effects review

              Telework is an increasingly popular flexible working arrangement. The aim of this article is to describe the features that characterize telework. The advantages and disadvantages of teleworking are outlined, as well as its effects on the health of the worker. The method used was a literature review. The outputs of this search show that in general, empirical evidence favours a positive association between telework and worker health. However, there are also negative impacts on health such as stress and depression. The overall conclusion is that telework is likely to yield more good than bad for individual health.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                aprl
                Archivos de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales
                Arch Prev Riesgos Labor
                Societat Catalana de Salut Laboral y Asociación de Medicina del Trabajo de la Comunidad Valenciana (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1578-2549
                June 2022
                : 25
                : 2
                : 147-161
                Affiliations
                [1] Montevideo orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Salud Ocupacional Uruguay
                Article
                S1578-25492022000200147 S1578-2549(22)02500200147
                10.12961/aprl.2022.25.02.07
                4ea6c3d6-ad90-402e-88b1-b84a79e33407

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 January 2022
                : 25 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Foro UNIA de Teletrabajo

                Teletrabajo,Occupational health,Mental health,Ergonomics,Risk,Teleworking,Salud laboral,Salud mental,Ergonomía,Riesgo

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