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      Anomalous somatic embryos in Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret (Myrtaceae) Translated title: Embriões somáticos anômalos em Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret (Myrtaceae)

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          Abstract

          Somatic embryogenesis represents a valuable tool for the studies on the basic aspects of plant embryo development. Today this process is used as a potencial technique for large-scale plant micropropagation although, so far, it has been applied to only a small number of species. However, when somatic embryos are malformed they are considered economically useless. In Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret, an important fruit-producing crop, large amounts of anomalous somatic embryos (76.3%) were found just after 40 days of culture of explants in a 2,4-D containing medium. Among the anomalous forms found in the cotiledonary stage, 12.2% consisted of fused embryos, 40.4% displayed fused cotyledons, 13.0% presented supernumerary cotyledons, and 10.7% showed absence or poorly developed cotyledons, including those without the shoot apical meristem. Histological analyses indicated that the altered embryos were formed either directly from cotyledons, hypocotyl and radicle of the zygotic embryos used as explants, or indirectly from calli formed from these tissue parts. It is suggested that the formation of anomalous somatic embryos, as well as a low frequency of conversion into emblings reflect physiological and/or genetic disturbances triggered by the presence of 2,4-D in the medium. In vitro experimental alternative approaches are discussed in order to lessen the occurrence of malformed somatic embryos.

          Translated abstract

          A embriogênese somática representa uma ferramenta importante para estudos básicos do desenvolvimento das plantas. Atualmente este processo é utilizado como uma técnica com potencial para a micropropagação de plantas em grande escala, embora ainda com aplicação restrita a poucas espécies. Entretanto, quando são formados embriões somáticos anômalos a aplicação econômica é inviabilizada. Em Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret, uma importante frutífera nativa, uma elevada quantidade de embriões somáticos com fenótipos alterados (76,3%) foi encontrada já no 40º dia de cultura na presença de 2,4-D. Entre esses, 12,2% consistiam de embriões fundidos, 40,4% apresentavam cotilédones concrescidos, 13% possuíam mais de dois cotilédones e 10,7% não tinham cotilédones ou eles eram pouco desenvolvidos, incluindo os embriões sem meristema apical caulinar. As análises histológicas mostraram que os embriões malformados originavam-se tanto diretamente dos cotilédones, hipocótilo e radícula dos embriões zigóticos utilizados como explantes, como indiretamente de calos formados a partir dessas estruturas. Sugere-se que a formação de embriões somáticos anômalos, bem como a baixa taxa de seu desenvolvimento em plântulas (" emblings" ), refletiria a ocorrência de distúrbios fisiológicos e/ou genéticos protagonizada pela presença de 2,4-D no meio de cultura. São indicadas algumas abordagens experimentais alternativas visando reduzir a ocorrência de embriões somáticos com malformações.

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          Most cited references45

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          Somaclonal variation - a novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement.

          It is concluded from a review of the literature that plant cell culture itself generates genetic variability (somaclonal variation). Extensive examples are discussed of such variation in culture subclones and in regenerated plants (somaclones). A number of possible mechanisms for the origin of this phenomenon are considered. It is argued that this variation already is proving to be of significance for plant improvement. In particular the phenomenon may be employed to enhance the exchange required in sexual hybrids for the introgression of desirable alien genes into a crop species. It may also be used to generate variants of a commercial cultivar in high frequency without hybridizing to other genotypes.
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            Efflux-dependent auxin gradients establish the apical-basal axis of Arabidopsis.

            Axis formation occurs in plants, as in animals, during early embryogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism is not known. Here we show that the first manifestation of the apical-basal axis in plants, the asymmetric division of the zygote, produces a basal cell that transports and an apical cell that responds to the signalling molecule auxin. This apical-basal auxin activity gradient triggers the specification of apical embryo structures and is actively maintained by a novel component of auxin efflux, PIN7, which is located apically in the basal cell. Later, the developmentally regulated reversal of PIN7 and onset of PIN1 polar localization reorganize the auxin gradient for specification of the basal root pole. An analysis of pin quadruple mutants identifies PIN-dependent transport as an essential part of the mechanism for embryo axis formation. Our results indicate how the establishment of cell polarity, polar auxin efflux and local auxin response result in apical-basal axis formation of the embryo, and thus determine the axiality of the adult plant.
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              Stress-induced morphogenic responses: growing out of trouble?

              Plants exposed to sub-lethal abiotic stress conditions exhibit a broad range of morphogenic responses. Despite the diversity of phenotypes, a generic 'stress-induced morphogenic response' can be recognized that appears to be carefully orchestrated and comprises three components: (a) inhibition of cell elongation, (b) localized stimulation of cell division and (c) alterations in cell differentiation status. It is hypothesized that the similarities in the morphogenic responses induced by distinct stresses, reflect common molecular processes such as increased ROS-production and altered phytohormone transport and/or metabolism. The stress-induced morphogenic response (SIMR) is postulated to be part of a general acclimation strategy, whereby plant growth is redirected to diminish stress exposure.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbb
                Brazilian Journal of Botany
                Braz. J. Bot.
                Sociedade Botânica de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0100-8404
                1806-9959
                March 2008
                : 31
                : 1
                : 155-164
                Affiliations
                [02] São Paulo SP orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Instituto de Biociências orgdiv2Departamento de Botânica Brazil
                [01] Blumenau SC orgnameUniversidade Regional de Blumenau orgdiv1Departamento de Ciências Naturais Brazil
                Article
                S0100-84042008000100014 S0100-8404(08)03100114
                4ea4aed8-4a0c-44d0-9ea7-35979a56eb95

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 February 2008
                : 02 August 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Articles

                variação somaclonal,2,4-D,feijoa,morphohistological analysis,somaclonal variation,somatic embryogenesis,análise morfo-histológica,embriogênese somática

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