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      • Record: found
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      Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Intervention Modifies Plasma and Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Profiles But Not the Clinical Course of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Control Trial

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          Abstract

          Background

          The pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is under investigation and one of the main alterations relates to the metabolic and inflammatory system dysfunctions. Indeed, based on a possible deficit of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) of patients with ASD and looking for an anti-inflammatory effect, dietary supplements with omega-3 fatty acids have been proposed. We aimed to evaluate differences in plasma and erythrocyte FA profiles and plasma cytokines in patients with infantile ASD after supplementation with docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids or placebo and both compared at baseline with a reference healthy group.

          Methods

          A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled intervention with DHA/EPA for 6 months was carried out in 54 children between 2 and 6 years diagnosed with ASD. They were selected and randomly assigned into two groups: 19 children received 800 mg/day of DHA and 25 mg/day of EPA, or placebo. In addition, another reference group of 59 healthy children of the same age was included. Plasma lipids and cytokines, and FA profiles in plasma and erythrocytes were measured at baseline and after 6 months of treatment in ASD children, and at baseline in the reference group.

          Results

          There were no differences in demographic, anthropometric characteristics, and omega-3 intake between the healthy reference group and the ASD children at baseline. Children with ASD showed the higher plasma percentages of palmitic acid and total saturated FA and lower total omega-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) compared with healthy children. An increased level of DHA and reduced EPA level in erythrocytes were detected in the ASD group vs. the reference group. After 6 months of treatment, the ASD group that received DHA enriched product significantly increased the plasma and erythrocyte percentages of DHA, but no differences were observed in the clinical test scores and other parameters as plasma cytokines between the two groups of ASD related to the intervention.

          Conclusion

          Spanish children with ASD exhibit an appropriate omega-3 FA status in plasma and erythrocytes. Neither a clinical improvement of ASD children nor a better anti-inflammatory or fatty acid state has been found after an intervention with DHA/EPA for 6 months. So, the prescription of n-3 LC-PUFA and other dietary supplements in ASD should be only indicated after a confirmed alteration of FA metabolism or omega-3 LC-PUFA deficiency evaluated by specific erythrocyte FA.

          Clinical Trial Registration

          [ www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT03620097].

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          Most cited references65

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          The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note.

          R. Goodman (1997)
          A novel behavioural screening questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), was administered along with Rutter questionnaires to parents and teachers of 403 children drawn from dental and psychiatric clinics. Scores derived from the SDQ and Rutter questionnaires were highly correlated; parent-teacher correlations for the two sets of measures were comparable or favoured the SDQ. The two sets of measures did not differ in their ability to discriminate between psychiatric and dental clinic attenders. These preliminary findings suggest that the SDQ functions as well as the Rutter questionnaires while offering the following additional advantages: a focus on strengths as well as difficulties; better coverage of inattention, peer relationships, and prosocial behaviour; a shorter format; and a single form suitable for both parents and teachers, perhaps thereby increasing parent-teacher correlations.
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            Nonparametric estimation of Shannon’s index of diversity when there are unseen species in sample

            Catherine Lord, Susan Risi, Linda Lambrecht … (2000)
            Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205-223
            Article 0 comments Cited 545 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Resolvins and protectins in inflammation resolution.

              Charles Serhan, Nicos Petasis (2011)
              Article 0 comments Cited 275 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Nutr
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Nutr
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Nutr.
                Title: Frontiers in Nutrition
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2296-861X
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 March 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 790250
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba , Córdoba, Spain
                [2] 2Department of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychiatry and Psychology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC) , Córdoba, Spain
                [3] 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II University of Granada, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
                [4] 4Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada , Granada, Spain
                [5] 5Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud , Granada, Spain
                [6] 6CIBERER (Ciber Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid, Spain
                [7] 7Biosearch Life , Granada, Spain
                [8] 8CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid, Spain
                Author notes

                Edited by: David Vauzour, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom

                Reviewed by: Corinne Joffre, INRAE Nouvelle-Aquitaine Bordeaux, France; Anne Marie Minihane, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom

                *Correspondence: Juan Luis Perez-Navero, h02gicam@ 123456uco.es , juanpereznavero@ 123456hotmail.com

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work

                This article was submitted to Nutrition and Brain Health, a section of the journal Frontiers in Nutrition

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.790250
                PMC ID: 9002234
                PubMed ID: 35425788
                SO-VID: 4e9902e0-b5ab-4e6c-a096-2046434941f9
                Copyright © Copyright © 2022 de la Torre-Aguilar, Gomez-Fernandez, Flores-Rojas, Martin-Borreguero, Mesa, Perez-Navero, Olivares, Gil and Gil-Campos.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 06 October 2021
                Date accepted : 28 February 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 65, Pages: 14, Words: 11935
                Categories
                Subject: Nutrition
                Subject: Clinical Trial

                Keywords: autism spectrum disorder,diet,food and nutrition,docosahexaenoic acid,fatty acids,cytokines
                Data availability:
                Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, diet, food and nutrition, docosahexaenoic acid, fatty acids, cytokines

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