Ocular Examination and Corneal Surface Disease in the Ferret

Myrna, Kathern E; Girolamo, Nicola Di

doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2018.08.004

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Ocular Examination and Corneal Surface Disease in the Ferret

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Author(s): Kathern E. Myrna , DVM, MS, DACVO ^a ^, ^∗ , Nicola Di Girolamo , DMV, GPCert (ExAP), MSc (EBHC), PhD, DECZM (Herpetology) ^b

Publication date (Electronic): 17 November 2018

Journal: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice

Publisher: W.B. Saunders Co

Keywords: Ferret, Ophthalmology, Cornea, Mustela, Corneal scar, Eyes

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Abstract

This article provides a brief, clinically relevant review of corneal surface disease in the ferret. A description of the ophthalmic examination of the ferret is provided. Stepwise descriptions of the most common ophthalmic abnormalities are provided, along with common rule-outs.

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Most cited references 18

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Reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests of the ferret (Mustela putorius furo).

Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, Bianca Chaim Mattos, Heloisa Russ (2016)

To perform selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy ferrets with the aim of establishing normal physiological reference values for this species. A total of 15 healthy, unrelated ferrets were used to test most of the parameters in this investigation. Eight of the 15 ferrets were used for central corneal thickness evaluation. Ages varied from 1.5 to 6 years of age. Selected diagnostic ocular tests were performed including Schirmer tear test, tonometry using an applanation tonometer (Tonopen), central corneal thickness using an ultrasonic pachymeter (Sonomed, Micropach, Model 200P +) and culture of the normal conjunctival bacterial flora. Staphylococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp. were isolated from healthy conjunctival and eyelid margins, suggesting they are normal constituents of the conjunctival flora of the ferret. Results for selected ocular diagnostic tests investigated here for the ferret eye were as follows: intraocular pressure: 14.50 +/- 3.27 mmHg; Schirmer tear test: 5.31 +/- 1.32 mm/min; central corneal thickness: 0.337 +/- 0.020 mm. No statistically significant differences between ages or genders were found for any of the results. The reference data for the ocular tests obtained in this investigation will help veterinary ophthalmologists to more accurately diagnose ocular diseases in the ferret. Knowledge of these reference values will be particularly useful to diagnose discrete or unusual pathological changes of the ferret eye.

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Outbreak of canine distemper in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo).

Francisco Tomás-Barberán, E Carpintero, A Ramis … (2008)

In 2006 an outbreak of canine distemper affected 14 young domestic ferrets in Barcelona, Spain. Their clinical signs included a reduced appetite, lethargy, dyspnoea, coughing, sneezing, mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges, facial and perineal dermatitis, diarrhoea, splenomegaly and fever. Late in the course of the disease, general desquamation and pruritus, and hyperkeratotic/crusting dermatitis of the lips, eyes, nose, footpads, and perineal area were observed. None of the ferrets developed neurological signs. Non-regenerative anaemia and high serum concentrations of alpha- and beta-globulins were the most common laboratory findings. Most of the animals died or were euthanased because of respiratory complications. Postmortem there were no signs of lung collapse. Distemper was diagnosed by direct immunofluorescence of conjunctival swabs or pcr of several organs, and histology revealed the characteristic eosinophilic intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies of canine distemper virus in several organs. The minimum incubation periods calculated for six of the ferrets were 11 to 56 days, and in 13 of the ferrets the signs of disease lasted 14 to 34 days. Inclusion bodies compatible with infection by herpesvirus were found in the lungs of one of the ferrets.

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Mycobacterial Infection in the Ferret

Christal Pollock (2012)

Mycobacteriosis is an important disease in the feral ferret (Mustela putorius furo) of New Zealand; elsewhere, reports of tuberculosis in the ferret are sporadic. Genus Mycobacterium consists of aerobic, non-spore-forming, gram-positive, nonmotile bacteria that characteristically feature a cell wall rich in mycolic acids and esters. The epidemiology of mycobacteriosis in the ferrets of New Zealand involves complex interactions between ferrets, possums, and livestock. Investigators have shown that the ferret is highly susceptible only to Mycobacterium bovis infection and is more resistant to infection by other Mycobacterium spp. The principal site of all mycobacterial infection in the ferret is the gastrointestinal tract.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Kathern E. Myrna

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract

Title: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice

Publisher: W.B. Saunders Co

ISSN (Print): 1094-9194

ISSN (Electronic): 1558-4232

Publication date PMC-release: 17 November 2018

Publication date (Print): January 2019

Publication date (Electronic): 17 November 2018

Volume: 22

Issue: 1

Pages: 27-33

Affiliations

[a ]Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, UGA Veterinary Medical Center, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA

[b ]Tai Wai Small Animal & Exotic Hospital, 75 Chik Shun Street, Tai Wai, Shatin, Hong Kong

Author notes

[∗ ]Corresponding author. kmyrna@ 123456uga.edu

Article

Publisher ID: S1094-9194(18)30058-6

DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.08.004

PMC ID: 7110472

PubMed ID: 30454760

SO-VID: 4e592865-475b-4623-88e6-ef7254076d90

License:

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.