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      Health system strengthening and hypertension awareness, treatment and control: data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Translated title: , : Translated title: Renforcement du systeme de sante et sensibilisation, traitement et controle de l'hypertension: donnees de l'etude longitudinale de la sante et de la retraite en Chine (CHARLS) Translated title: تعزيز النظام الصحي والتوعية بفرط ضغط الدم، وعلاجه ومكافحته: بيانات من دراسة طولانية للصحة والتقاعد في الصين Translated title: : Translated title: Fortalecimiento del sistema sanitario y concienciacion, tratamiento y control de la hipertension: datos del estudio longitudinal sobre jubilacion y salud de China

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          Abstract

          Objective To monitor hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in China two to three years after major reform of the health system. Methods Data from a national survey conducted in 2011–2012 among Chinese people aged 45 years or older – which included detailed anthropometric measurements – were used to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the percentages of hypertensive individuals who were unaware of, receiving no treatment for, and/or not controlling their hypertension well. Modified Poisson regressions were used to estimate relative risks (RRs). Findings At the time of the survey, nearly 40% of Chinese people aged 45 years or older had a hypertensive disorder. Of the individuals with hypertension, more than 40% were unaware of their condition, about 50% were receiving no medication for it and about 80% were not controlling it well. Compared with the other hypertensive individuals, those who were members of insurance schemes that covered the costs of outpatient care were more likely to be aware of their hypertension (adjusted RR, aRR: 0.737; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.619–0.878) to be receiving treatment for it (aRR: 0.795; 95% CI: 0.680–0.929) and to be controlling it effectively (aRR: 0.903; 95% CI: 0.817–0.996). Conclusion In China many cases of hypertension are going undetected and untreated, even though the health system appears to deliver effective care to individuals who are aware of their hypertension. A reduction in the costs of outpatient care to patients would probably improve the management of hypertension in China.

          Translated abstract

          Résumé Objectif Surveiller la prévalence, la sensibilisation, le traitement et le contrôle de l'hypertension en Chine deux à trois ans après une réforme majeure du système de santé. Méthodes Les données d'une enquête nationale menée en 2011-2012 auprès de Chinois âgés de 45 ans ou plus (qui comprenait des mesures anthropométriques détaillées) ont été utilisées pour estimer la prévalence de l'hypertension et les pourcentages de patients souffrant d'hypertension, qui ne connaissaient pas, ne recevaient pas de traitement et/ou ne surveillaient pas correctement leur hypertension. Des modèles de Poisson modifiés ont été utilisés pour estimer les risques relatifs (RR). Résultats Au moment de l'enquête, près de 40% des individus chinois âgés de 45 ans ou plus présentaient un trouble de l'hypertension. Parmi les personnes souffrant d'hypertension, plus de 40% ignoraient leur maladie, environ 50% ne recevaient aucun médicament pour la traiter et environ 80% ne la surveillaient pas correctement. En comparaison avec les autres individus souffrant d'hypertension, ceux qui étaient affiliés à des régimes d'assurance couvrant les coûts des soins ambulatoires étaient plus susceptibles d'être au courant de leur hypertension (RR ajusté, rra: 0,737; intervalle de confiance à 95%, IC: 0,619 à 0,878), à recevoir un traitement pour la traiter (rra: 0,795; IC à 95%: 0,680 à 0,929) et à la contrôler efficacement (rra: 0,903; IC à 95%: 0,817 à 0,996). Conclusion En Chine, de nombreux cas d'hypertension restent non détectés et non traités, même si le système de santé semble offrir des soins efficaces aux personnes qui savent qu'elles souffrent d'hypertension. Une réduction des coûts des soins ambulatoires prodigués aux patients pourrait probablement améliorer la gestion de l'hypertension en Chine.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Inspeccionar la prevalencia, concienciación, tratamiento y control de la hipertensión en China dos o tres años después de la reforma principal del sistema sanitario. Métodos Se emplearon los datos de una encuesta nacional realizada en 2011-2012 entre la población china de 45 años o más, que incluyó mediciones antropométricas en detalle, para estimar la prevalencia de la hipertensión y los porcentajes de individuos hipertensos que desconocían padecer esta condición, no recibían tratamiento, y/o no controlaban la hipertensión correctamente. Se utilizaron regresiones de Poisson modificadas para estimar los riesgos relativos (RR). Resultados En el momento de la encuesta, casi el 40 % de los chinos de 45 años o más sufría un trastorno de hipertensión. Entre las personas hipertensas, más del 40 % no era consciente de su condición, el 50 % no recibía ningún medicamento para la hipertensión y el 80 % no la controlaba adecuadamente. En comparación con los otros individuos hipertensos, aquellos que eran miembros de planes de seguros que cubrían los costes de la atención ambulatoria eran más susceptibles de ser conscientes de padecer hipertensión (RR ajustado, RRA: 0,737, intervalo de confianza del 95 %, IC: 0,619 a 0,878) recibir el tratamiento correspondiente (RRA: 0,795, IC del 95 %: 0,680–0,929) y controlarla de forma eficaz (RRA: 0,903; 95% CI: 0,817–0,996). Conclusión En China muchos casos de hipertensión no se diagnostican ni se tratan, incluso aunque el sistema sanitario parece ofrecer una atención eficaz a las personas conscientes de que la padecen. Reducir las tasas de atención ambulatoria a los pacientes probablemente mejoraría la gestión de la hipertensión en China.

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          Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002.

          The present article aims to provide accurate estimates of the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in adults in China. Data were obtained from sphygmomanometer measurements and an administered questionnaire from 141 892 Chinese adults >/=18 years of age who participated in the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. In 2002, approximately 153 million Chinese adults were hypertensive. The prevalence was higher among men than women (20% versus 17%; P<0.001) and was higher in successive age groups. Overall, the prevalence of hypertension was higher in urban compared with rural areas in men (23% versus 18%; P<0.01) and women (18% versus 16%; P<0.001). Of the 24% affected individuals who were aware of their condition, 78% were treated and 19% were adequately controlled. Despite evidence to suggest improved levels of treatment in individuals with hypertension over the past decade, compared with estimates from 1991, the ratio of controlled to treated hypertension has remained largely unchanged at 1:4. One in 6 Chinese adults is hypertensive, but only one quarter are aware of their condition. Despite increased rates of blood pressure-lowering treatment, few have their hypertension effectively controlled. National hypertension programs must focus on improving awareness in the wider community, as well as treatment and control, to prevent many tens of thousands of cardiovascular-related deaths.
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            Health insurance and the demand for medical care: evidence from a randomized experiment.

            We estimate how cost sharing, the portion of the bill the patient pays, affects the demand for medical services. The data come from a randomized experiment. A catastrophic insurance plan reduces expenditures 31 percent relative to zero out-of-pocket price. The price elasticity is approximately -0.2. We reject the hypothesis that less favorable coverage of outpatient services increases total expenditure (for example, by deterring preventive care or inducing hospitalization).
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              Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                January 2014
                : 92
                : 1
                : 29-41
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Peking University Peoples R China
                [2 ] World Health Organization Switzerland
                Article
                S0042-96862014000100029
                10.2471/BLT.13.124495
                3865551
                24391298
                4e3a667b-0cc4-4c82-9627-39696bc280e4

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
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                Public health
                Public health

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