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      Perspectives and Recommendations for Laparoscopic Surgery in the COVID-19 Era

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          A bstract

          A new human coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 is currently causing a pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Healthcare institutions including surgical centers and their workers are in risk of contagion due to high exposure to SARS-CoV-2. The objective of the present manuscript is to review the available literature and elucidate the key points for maintaining safety in laparoscopic surgery during the pandemic. Currently, any patient who requires surgery and in whom the diagnosis of COVID-19 has not been ruled out should be treated as a positive patient and the correspondent safety measures should be taken. Surgical plume is a bioproduct that places healthcare workers who are exposed to it in a potential risk of acquiring different health conditions. There is no clear evidence to affirm that the exposure to surgical plume and pneumoperitoneum can cause COVID-19; nevertheless, as we do not know yet the real risk of transmission and infectivity of particles found in surgical smoke, it is recommended to take measures for a controlled evacuation of pneumoperitoneum and the use of a simple filtration system during laparoscopic surgery. We must understand that as our entire life changed with this pandemic, laparoscopic surgery should also change in particular aspects to give our patients the best treatment under the safest conditions as possible.

          How to cite this article

          Ayala AV, Zárate SA, Zabala AE, et al. Perspectives and Recommendations for Laparoscopic Surgery in the COVID-19 Era. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2020;9(2):126–132.

          RESUMEN

          Un nuevo coronavirus humano llamado SARS-CoV-2 actualmente se encuentra ocasionando la pandemia de enfermedad de coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Las instituciones de salud, incluyendo los centros quirúrgicos y su personal, se encuentran en riesgo debido a la alta exposición al SARS-CoV-2. El objetivo de este manuscrito es revisar la literatura disponible y dilucidar los puntos claves requeridos para mantener la seguridad de la cirugía laparoscópica durante esta pandemia. En la actualidad cualquier paciente que requiera una intervención quirúrgica, en el que no se haya descartado COVID-19, debe ser tratado como positivo y por ende se deben tomar todas las medidas de protección pertinentes. El humo quirúrgico es un bioproducto que puede exponer al personal de salud a un potencial riesgo de adquirir diferentes patologías. No existe evidencia contundente para afirmar que la exposición al humo quirúrgico o al neumoperitoneo pueda causar COVID-19, sin embargo, en la actualidad no conocemos el riesgo real de transmission e infectividad de las partículas que se encuentran en el humo quirúrgico, es recomenable tomar medidas para conseguir una evacuación controlada del neumoperitoneo junto con el uso de un sistema de filtración simple durante la cirugía laparoscópica. Debemos entender que así como esta pandemia ha cambiado nuestra vida en general, la cirugía laparoscópica también debe cambiar en ciertos aspectos particulares para ofrecer a nuestros pacientes el mejor tratamiento bajo las condiciones más seguras posibles.

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          Most cited references76

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

            Summary In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.)
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              Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

              In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                PAJT
                Panamerican Journal of Trauma, Critical Care & Emergency Surgery
                PAJT
                Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
                2278-5388
                May-August 2020
                : 9
                : 2
                : 126-132
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Surgery, Hospital del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social-Quito Sur, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Surgery, Hospital Vozandes Quito, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
                [2 ]Department of Surgery, Hospital Metropolitano de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
                [3 ]Pontifica Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
                [4 ]Department of Surgery, Centro Médico Oncológico, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Surgery, Hospital Vozandes Quito, Quito, Ecuador
                [5 ]Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Metropolitano, Quito, Ecuador
                [6 ]Hospital Vozandes Quito, Quito, Ecuador
                [7 ]Department of Surgery, Hospital Vozandes Quito, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
                Author notes
                Andrés V Ayala, Department of Surgery, Hospital del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social-Quito Sur, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Surgery, Hospital Vozandes Quito, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador, Phone: (+593-2) 3 980 100, Ext. 1060, e-mail: andres_pojkar@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                10.5005/jp-journals-10030-1279
                4e0f7596-69c3-40f1-9f79-10c73d230e81
                Copyright © 2020; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.

                © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and non-commercial reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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                Categories
                PERSPECTIVE
                Custom metadata
                pajt-2020-9-126.pdf

                General medicine,Immunology,Health & Social care,Public health,Infectious disease & Microbiology,Microbiology & Virology
                SARS-CoV-2,Cirugía,COVID-19,Surgery,Laparoscopía,Laparoscopy

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