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      Antimicrobial therapy approaches in the mastitis control driven by one health insights Translated title: Abordagens de terapia antimicrobiana no controle da mastite impulsionadas one health insights

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          Abstract

          The use of antimicrobials in the dairy production environment for mastitis control must take etiology, clinical signs, economic impacts, and regulatory frameworks into consideration. The objective of the present review is to highlight important aspects of the dynamics of antimicrobial use in dairy production and the potential impacts on the main pathogens circulating in this environment, considering the parameters set by the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding the priority of monitoring as well as control strategies for these agents, such as the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus and the beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Understanding the animal-environment-pathogen triad is crucial for establishing control measures and preventing the spread of bacterial resistance. Implementing mastitis prevention and control measures in dairy farms, considering process flow and personnel qualification, enables a reduction in antimicrobial usage and contributes to prevent the spread of resistant bacterial agents in the dairy production environment, minimizing the relapses and the chronicity of the infectious process.

          Resumo

          A utilização de antimicrobianos no controle de mastite em ambiente de produção leiteira deve considerer alguns aspectos como a etiologia, os sinais clínicos, os impactos económicos e a legislação. O objetivo da presente revisão é destacar aspectos importantes na dinâmica do uso de antimicrobianos na produção leiteira e os potenciais impactos sobre os principais patógenos circulantes neste ambiente, considerando os parâmetros estabelecidos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) quanto à prioridade de monitoramento, bem como estratégias de controle para esses agentes, como o Staphylococcus resistente à meticilina e a Escherichia coli produtora de beta-lactamase. Compreender a tríade animal-ambiente-patógeno é crucial para estabelecer medidas de controle e prevenir a propagação da resistência bacteriana. A implementação de medidas de prevenção e controle de mastites nas propriedades leiteiras, considerando o fluxo do processo e a qualificação do pessoal, permite a redução do uso de antimicrobianos e contribui para prevenir a propagação de agentes bacterianos resistentes no ambiente de produção leiteira, minimizando as recidivas e a cronicidade do processo infeccioso.

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          Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals.

          Thomas Van Boeckel, Charles Brower, Marius Gilbert … (2015)
          Demand for animal protein for human consumption is rising globally at an unprecedented rate. Modern animal production practices are associated with regular use of antimicrobials, potentially increasing selection pressure on bacteria to become resistant. Despite the significant potential consequences for antimicrobial resistance, there has been no quantitative measurement of global antimicrobial consumption by livestock. We address this gap by using Bayesian statistical models combining maps of livestock densities, economic projections of demand for meat products, and current estimates of antimicrobial consumption in high-income countries to map antimicrobial use in food animals for 2010 and 2030. We estimate that the global average annual consumption of antimicrobials per kilogram of animal produced was 45 mg⋅kg(-1), 148 mg⋅kg(-1), and 172 mg⋅kg(-1) for cattle, chicken, and pigs, respectively. Starting from this baseline, we estimate that between 2010 and 2030, the global consumption of antimicrobials will increase by 67%, from 63,151 ± 1,560 tons to 105,596 ± 3,605 tons. Up to a third of the increase in consumption in livestock between 2010 and 2030 is imputable to shifting production practices in middle-income countries where extensive farming systems will be replaced by large-scale intensive farming operations that routinely use antimicrobials in subtherapeutic doses. For Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, the increase in antimicrobial consumption will be 99%, up to seven times the projected population growth in this group of countries. Better understanding of the consequences of the uninhibited growth in veterinary antimicrobial consumption is needed to assess its potential effects on animal and human health.
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            A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention

            Pamela L Ruegg (2017)
            Mastitis is the most frequent disease of dairy cows and has well-recognized detrimental effects on animal wellbeing and dairy farm profitability. Since the beginning of modern dairy farming, producers have sought effective methods to minimize the occurrence of mastitis in their herds. The objective of this paper is to review and highlight important advances in detection, management, and prevention of mastitis that have occurred since the first volume of the Journal of Dairy Science was published in 1917. Initial research efforts were directed at understanding the nature of pathogenic bacteria that were responsible for most intramammary infections. For decades, researchers worked to identify effective strategies to control mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. To develop successful control programs, mastitis workers first had to identify mechanisms of infection, define the clinical and subclinical states of the disease, discover appropriate screening tests, determine likely points of exposure, identify pathogen-specific characteristics, and develop effective procedures for machine milking. Pioneering researchers eventually recognized that mastitis control was based on preventing new infections from occurring in healthy cows and reducing the duration that cows remained infected. Development of a control program that incorporated post-milking teat dipping, hygienic milking procedures, and strategic use of antibiotic therapy at dry-off resulted in widespread control of contagious pathogens. As herd management changed, researchers were tasked with defining control of mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens originating from environmental sources. As mastitis pathogens have evolved, researchers have sought to define antimicrobial usage that will maintain animal wellbeing while minimizing unnecessary usage. During the last century, tremendous significant advances in mastitis control have been made but changing herd structure and more rigorous processor standards ensure that mastitis will remain an important subject focus of future research.
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              Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria

              Vangelis Economou, Panagiota Gousia (2015)
              One of the major breakthroughs in the history of medicine is undoubtedly the discovery of antibiotics. Their use in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine has resulted in healthier and more productive farm animals, ensuring the welfare and health of both animals and humans. Unfortunately, from the first use of penicillin, the resistance countdown started to tick. Nowadays, the infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing, and resistance to antibiotics is probably the major public health problem. Antibiotic use in farm animals has been criticized for contributing to the emergence of resistance. The use and misuse of antibiotics in farm animal settings as growth promoters or as nonspecific means of infection prevention and treatment has boosted antibiotic consumption and resistance among bacteria in the animal habitat. This reservoir of resistance can be transmitted directly or indirectly to humans through food consumption and direct or indirect contact. Resistant bacteria can cause serious health effects directly or via the transmission of the antibiotic resistance traits to pathogens, causing illnesses that are difficult to treat and that therefore have higher morbidity and mortality rates. In addition, the selection and proliferation of antibiotic-resistant strains can be disseminated to the environment via animal waste, enhancing the resistance reservoir that exists in the environmental microbiome. In this review, an effort is made to highlight the various factors that contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in farm animals and to provide some insights into possible solutions to this major health issue.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Braz J Vet Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Rev Bras Med Vet
                Journal ID (publisher-id): bjvm
                Title: Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
                Publisher: Sociedade de Medicina Veterinária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
                ISSN (Print): 0100-2430
                ISSN (Electronic): 2527-2179
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 17 July 2024
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2024
                Volume: 46
                Electronic Location Identifier: e002624
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalVeterinarian, DSc., Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária (DMIV), Instituto de Veterinária (IV), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
                [2 ] originalVeterinarian, DSc. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Agrária (PPGCTIA), DMIV, IV, UFRRJ. Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
                [3 ] originalVeterinarian, DSc., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias (PPGCV), DMIV, IV, UFRRJ. Seropédica, RJ. Brazil.
                [4 ] originalAnimal Science, DSc., PPGCV, DMIV, IV, UFRRJ. Seropédica, RJ. Brazil.
                [5 ] originalVeterinarian, Msc. PPGCV, DMIV, IV, UFRRJ. Seropédica, RJ. Brazil.
                [6 ] originalVeterinarian, Dsc., Universidad Nacional De Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
                [7 ] originalBiologist, DSc., DMIV, IV, UFRRJ. Seropédica, RJ. Brazil.
                [8 ] originalAgronomist, DSc., DMIV, IV, UFRRJ. Seropédica, RJ. Brazil.
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence Thérèsse Camille Nascimento Holmström Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ Rodovia BR 465, Km 7, Campus Universitário, Bairro Zona Rural CEP 23897-000 - Seropédica (RJ), Brasil E-mail: theresseholmstrom@ 123456yahoo.com.br

                Conflict of interests: MMSS, FCD, DAM, TCNH, MBM, EBR, SMOC and ISC – No conflict of interest.

                Authors' contributions: MMSS, FCD, DAM and EBR – Development of methodology; preparation and writing the initial draft. TCNH and MBM – Writing, Review and Editing manuscript. MMSS, SMOC and ISC – Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-9322
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3072-9620
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3634-7220
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3341-590X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3926-6127
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7724-8379
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4165-5735
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1357-2529
                Article
                Publisher ID: bjvmAR002624_EN
                DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm002624
                PMC ID: 11299703
                PubMed ID: 39104804
                SO-VID: 4dd83b38-f5dd-4d83-90ee-f0ccd1354e04
                License:

                Copyright Souza et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 03 April 2024
                Date accepted : 06 June 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 104
                Funding
                Funded by: Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
                Award ID: E-26/210.085/2020
                Award ID: E-26/202.604/2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: dairy production,who,superbugs,mastitis,produção leiteira,oms,superbactérias,mastite
                Data availability:
                Keywords: dairy production, who, superbugs, mastitis, produção leiteira, oms, superbactérias, mastite

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