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      Serotonin Receptors in Hippocampus

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          Abstract

          Serotonin is an ancient molecular signal and a recognized neurotransmitter brainwide distributed with particular presence in hippocampus. Almost all serotonin receptor subtypes are expressed in hippocampus, which implicates an intricate modulating system, considering that they can be localized as autosynaptic, presynaptic, and postsynaptic receptors, even colocalized within the same cell and being target of homo- and heterodimerization. Neurons and glia, including immune cells, integrate a functional network that uses several serotonin receptors to regulate their roles in this particular part of the limbic system.

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          Mammalian G proteins and their cell type specific functions.

          Nina Wettschureck, Stefan Offermanns (2005)
          Heterotrimeric G proteins are key players in transmembrane signaling by coupling a huge variety of receptors to channel proteins, enzymes, and other effector molecules. Multiple subforms of G proteins together with receptors, effectors, and various regulatory proteins represent the components of a highly versatile signal transduction system. G protein-mediated signaling is employed by virtually all cells in the mammalian organism and is centrally involved in diverse physiological functions such as perception of sensory information, modulation of synaptic transmission, hormone release and actions, regulation of cell contraction and migration, or cell growth and differentiation. In this review, some of the functions of heterotrimeric G proteins in defined cells and tissues are described.
          Article 0 comments Cited 298 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A molecular and cellular theory of depression.

            R S Duman, G Heninger, E J Nestler (1997)
            Recent studies have begun to characterize the actions of stress and antidepressant treatments beyond the neurotransmitter and receptor level. This work has demonstrated that long-term antidepressant treatments result in the sustained activation of the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate system in specific brain regions, including the increased function and expression of the transcription factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein. The activated cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate system leads to the regulation of specific target genes, including the increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in certain populations of neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The importance of these changes is highlighted by the discovery that stress can decrease the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and lead to atrophy of these same populations of stress-vulnerable hippocampal neurons. The possibility that the decreased size and impaired function of these neurons may be involved in depression is supported by recent clinical imaging studies, which demonstrate a decreased volume of certain brain structures. These findings constitute the framework for an updated molecular and cellular hypothesis of depression, which posits that stress-induced vulnerability and the therapeutic action of antidepressant treatments occur via intracellular mechanisms that decrease or increase, respectively, neurotrophic factors necessary for the survival and function of particular neurons. This hypothesis also explains how stress and other types of neuronal insult can lead to depression in vulnerable individuals and it outlines novel targets for the rational design of fundamentally new therapeutic agents.
            Article 0 comments Cited 276 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Molecular, pharmacological and functional diversity of 5-HT receptors.

              Daniel Hoyer, Jason Hannon, Graeme R Martin (2002)
              Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is probably unique among the monoamines in that its effects are subserved by as many as 13 distinct heptahelical, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and one (presumably a family of) ligand-gated ion channel(s). These receptors are divided into seven distinct classes (5-HT(1) to 5-HT(7)) largely on the basis of their structural and operational characteristics. Whilst this degree of physical diversity clearly underscores the physiological importance of serotonin, evidence for an even greater degree of operational diversity continues to emerge. The challenge for modern 5-HT research has therefore been to define more precisely the properties of the systems that make this incredible diversity possible. Much progress in this regard has been made during the last decade with the realisation that serotonin is possibly the least conservative monoamine transmitter and the cloning of its many receptors. Coupled with the actions of an extremely avid and efficient reuptake system, this array of receptor subtypes provides almost limitless signalling capabilities to the extent that one might even question the need for other transmitter systems. However, the complexity of the system appears endless, since posttranslational modifications, such as alternate splicing and RNA editing, increase the number of proteins, oligomerisation and heteromerisation increase the number of complexes, and multiple G-protein suggest receptor trafficking, allowing phenotypic switching and crosstalk within and possibly between receptor families. Whether all these possibilities are used in vivo under physiological or pathological conditions remains to be firmly established, but in essence, such variety will keep the 5-HT community busy for quite some time. Those who may have predicted that molecular biology would largely simplify the life of pharmacologists have missed the point for 5-HT research in particular and, most probably, for many other transmitters. This chapter is an attempt to summarise very briefly 5-HT receptor diversity. The reward for unravelling this complex array of serotonin receptor--effector systems may be substantial, the ultimate prize being the development of important new drugs in a range of disease areas.
              Article 0 comments Cited 276 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): ScientificWorldJournal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): ScientificWorldJournal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TSWJ
                Title: The Scientific World Journal
                Publisher: The Scientific World Journal
                ISSN (Electronic): 1537-744X
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 May 2012
                Volume: 2012
                Electronic Location Identifier: 823493
                Affiliations
                1Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
                2Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
                3Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4550, USA
                Author notes
                *Guadalupe García-Alcocer: leguga@ 123456email.com

                Academic Editor: Jerrel Yakel

                Article
                DOI: 10.1100/2012/823493
                PMC ID: 3353568
                PubMed ID: 22629209
                SO-VID: 4daf7df7-d044-48b2-99ce-84e8f785c97d
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012 Laura Cristina Berumen et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 October 2011
                Date accepted : 8 December 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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