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      Baixo peso ao nascer como marcador de alterações na monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial Translated title: Low birth weight as a marker of changes in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring Translated title: Bajo peso al nacer como marcador de alteraciones en el monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial

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          Abstract

          FUNDAMENTO: O baixo peso ao nascimento (BPN) está associado com aumento da pressão arterial (PA) e de doenças cardiovasculares no adulto. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as possíveis alterações na monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) em crianças com BPN. MÉTODOS: Avaliou-se o peso ao nascimento (PN) de 1.049 crianças, entre 8 e 11 anos, em escolas de Goiânia. Aquelas com BPN (PN < 2,5 kg) foram comparadas com crianças com peso ao nascimento normal - PNN (PN > 3,0 kg). O PN foi obtido no cartão da criança. Avaliaram-se PA casual e MAPA. Após a obtenção do peso e da estatura para cálculo do índice de massa corpórea (IMC), realizou-se avaliação da maturação sexual segundo os critérios de Tanner (excluídos Tanner >2). RESULTADOS: Obtiveram-se 34 crianças com BPN e 34 com PNN. Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto a idade, sexo, raça, peso, estatura, IMC e história familiar de hipertensão. As crianças com BPN apresentaram maior pressão sistólica (PS) casual (p = 0,007). Na MAPA, apresentaram maior pressão diastólica (PD) nas 24 horas (p = 0,009), maior PD de vigília (p = 0,002), maiores PS e PD no sono (p = 0,005 e p = 0,001) e menor descenso noturno da PS e PD (p = 0,001) do que as com PNN. Observou-se uma correlação positiva do PN com o descenso noturno da PS (p = 0,022) e negativa com a PS no sono (p = 0,032). CONCLUSÃO: As crianças com BPN apresentaram PA mais elevada e alteração do ritmo circadiano da pressão arterial, com atenuação do descenso noturno. Esses achados podem representar um risco aumentado para a hipertensão arterial e doença cardiovascular no adulto.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND: Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with increased incidence of high blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate possible changes in Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) in LBW children. METHODS: The birth weight (BW) of 1049 school children (ages 8 to 11) living in Goiânia was assessed. Children with low birth weight (BW < 2.5 Kg) were compared with those of normal birth weight (BW > 3.0 Kg). Information on birth weight was obtained from each child's health card. Casual BP and ABPM were measured. Height and weight measurements were obtained to calculate the body mass index (BMI), and sexual maturity was assessed according to Tanner's criteria (those at Tanner stage > 2 were excluded). RESULTS: Thirty-four children had low birth weight (LBW) and 34 had normal birth weight (NBW). Both groups were similar regarding age, gender, race, body weight, height, BMI, and family history of hypertension. Low-birth-weight children had higher casual systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.007). ABPM recordings showed that these children had higher 24-hour diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p = 0.009), daytime DBP (p = 0.002), night-time DBP and SBP (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001), and reduced nocturnal dip in SBP and DBP (p = 0.001) than those born with normal weight. Birth weight was positively correlated with nocturnal dip in SBP (p = 0.022) and negatively correlated with sleep SBP (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION: Low-birth-weight children have higher BP and changes in circadian rhythm of blood pressure, with reduced nocturnal dipping. These findings may reflect increased risk of adult hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.

          Translated abstract

          FUNDAMENTO: El bajo peso al nacer (BPN) está asociado al aumento de la presión arterial (PA) y de enfermedades cardiovasculares en el adulto. OBJETIVO: Evaluar las posibles alteraciones en el monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial (MAPA) en niños con BPN. MÉTODOS: Se evaluó el peso al nacer (PN) de 1.049 niños, entre 8 y 11 años, en escuelas de la ciudad de Goiânia. Aquellos con BPN (PN < 2,5 kg) se compararon con niños con peso normal al nacer - PNN (PN > 3,0 kg). El PN se obtuvo en la tarjeta del niño. Se evaluaron la PA casual y el MAPA. Tras la medición del peso y de la estatura para cálculo del índice de masa corpórea (IMC), se evaluó la maduración sexual según los criterios de Tanner (excluidos Tanner >2). RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un total de 34 niños con BPN y 34 con PNN. Los grupos fueron semejantes relación a la edad, sexo, raza, peso, estatura, IMC e historia familiar de hipertensión. Los niños con BPN presentaron mayor presión sistólica (PS) casual (p = 0,007). En el MAPA, presentaron mayor presión diastólica (PD) en las 24 horas (p = 0,009), mayor PD de vigilia (p = 0,002), mayores PS y PD en el sueño (p = 0,005 y p = 0,001) y menor descenso nocturno de la PS y PD (p = 0,001) que las con PNN. Se observó una correlación positiva del PN con el descenso nocturno de la PS (p = 0,022) y negativa con la PS en el sueño (p = 0,032). CONCLUSIÓN: Los niños con BPN presentaron PA más elevada y cambio del ritmo circadiano de la presión arterial, con atenuación del descenso nocturno. Esos hallazgos pueden representar un riesgo aumentado para la hipertensión arterial y enfermedad cardiovascular en el adulto.

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          Most cited references40

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          Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee.

          Anthropometry provides the single most portable, universally applicable, inexpensive and non-invasive technique for assessing the size, proportions, and composition of the human body. It reflects both health and nutritional status and predicts performance, health, and survival. As such, it is a valuable, but currently underused, tool for guiding public health policy and clinical decisions. This report presents the conclusions and comprehensive recommendations of a WHO Expert Committee for the present and future uses and interpretation of anthropometry. In a section that sets the technical framework for the report, the significance of anthropometric indicators and indices is explained and the principles of applied biostatistics and epidemiology that underlie their various uses are discussed. Subsequent sections provide detailed guidance on the use and interpretation of anthropometric measurements in pregnant and lactating women, newborn infants, infants and children, adolescents, overweight and thin adults, and adults aged 60 years and over. With a similar format for each section, the report assesses specific applications of anthropometry in individuals and populations for purposes of screening and for targeting and evaluating interventions. Advice on data management and analysis is offered, and methods of taking particular measurements are described. Each section also includes a discussion of the extent, reliability and universal relevance of existing reference data. An extensive series of reference data recommended by the Expert Committee and not widely distributed by WHO hitherto is included in an annex.
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            Growth and maturation during adolescence.

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              Fetal growth and glucose and insulin metabolism in four-year-old Indian children.

              Studies in Britain have shown that adults who had a low birthweight have high plasma glucose concentrations 30 and 120 min after an oral glucose load, and an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Both Type 2 diabetes and low birthweight are common in India. To determine whether low birthweight is associated with reduced glucose tolerance in Indian children, glucose tolerance tests were carried out on 379 4-year-old children, whose birthweights were recorded, in Pune, India. Among 201 children who had been looked after on the routine postnatal wards at birth, those with lower birthweights had higher plasma glucose and insulin concentrations 30 min after an oral glucose load, independently of their current size (p = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively). Mean glucose and insulin concentrations were 8.1 mmol l-1 and 321 pmol l-1 in children whose birthweight had been 2.4 kg or less, compared with 7.5 mmol l-1 and 289 pmol l-1 in those who weighted more than 3.0 kg. Among 178 children who had been looked after in the Special Care Baby Unit, those with lower birthweights also had higher plasma insulin concentrations at 30 min but there were no trends with plasma glucose. Our findings suggest that Indian children with reduced intra-uterine growth have reduced glucose homeostasis after a glucose challenge. This is consistent with the hypothesis that Type 2 diabetes mellitus in India may be programmed in fetal life.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abc
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
                Arq. Bras. Cardiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC (São Paulo )
                1678-4170
                February 2009
                : 92
                : 2
                : 113-121
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Goiás Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Goiás Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de Goiás Brazil
                Article
                S0066-782X2009000200007
                10.1590/S0066-782X2009000200007
                4d978120-deb5-4615-8c70-6e7f136ab774

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0066-782X&lng=en
                Categories
                CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                Infant, low birth weight,monitoring ambulatory,blood pressure,Bajo peso al nacer,monitoreo ambulatorio,presión arterial,Baixo peso ao nascer,monitorização ambulatorial,pressão arterial

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