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      La sobrecarga hídrica como biomarcador de insuficiencia cardíaca y fracaso renal agudo Translated title: Water overload as a biomarker for heart failure and acute renal failure

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          Abstract

          La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) y el fracaso renal agudo (FRA) son dos entidades muy prevalentes en nuestro medio, e inciden de manera directa y sinérgicamente en la morbimortalidad de nuestros pacientes. Cuando es oligoanúrico, el FRA suele conducir a la sobrecarga hídrica, representando esta el núcleo precipitante del mecanismo de descompensación aguda de la IC, y está asociada con el agravamiento de los síntomas, la hospitalización y la muerte. Determinar el balance hídrico en la IC puede ser complejo y depende, en gran medida, de la fisiopatología subyacente. Los nuevos biomarcadores y las nuevas tecnologías están demostrando ser útiles para la detección e identificación de riesgo de IC descompensada aguda que puede permitir una pronta intervención y reversión del FRA que se traduzca en mejores resultados clínicos.

          Translated abstract

          Heart failure (HF) and acute renal failure (ARF) are two very prevalent entities in our environment which impact directly and synergistically in the morbidity and mortality of our patients. ARF, when oligoanuric, often leads to water overload. It represents the precipitating core of the mechanism of acute decompensation of the HF and is associated with the worsening of symptoms, hospitalisation and death. Determining the water balance in HF can be complex and depends, largely, on the underlying pathophysiology. New biomarkers and new technologies are proving to be useful for the detection and identification of risk of acutely decompensated HF that may allow early intervention and reversal of the ARF that translates into better clinical outcomes.

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          Most cited references117

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          EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population.

          The objective of the EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II) was to assess patient characteristics, aetiology, treatment, and outcome of acute heart failure (AHF) in Europe in relation to the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of AHF published by the European Society of Cardiology. Patients hospitalized for AHF were recruited by 133 centres in 30 European countries. Three thousand five hundred and eighty patients were entered into the database by the end of August 2005. Mean age was 70 years, and 61% of patients were male. New-onset AHF (de novo AHF) was diagnosed in 37%, of which 42% was due to acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Clinical classification according to the guidelines divided AHF patients into (i) decompensated HF (65%), (ii) pulmonary oedema (16%), (iii) HF and hypertension (11%), (iv) cardiogenic shock (4%), and (v) right HF (3%). Coronary heart disease, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation were the most common underlying conditions. Arrhythmias, valvular dysfunction, and ACS were each present as precipitating factor in one-third of cases. Preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (> or =45%) was observed in 34%. Valvular disorders were common, especially mitral regurgitation (MR) which was reported on echocardiography in 80% of patients. Median length of stay was 9 days, and in-hospital mortality 6.7%. At discharge, 80% of patients were on angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, whereas 61% were taking beta-blocker medication. Decompensated HF is the most common clinical presentation of AHF patients. More than one-third of AHF patients do not have a previous history of HF, and new-onset HF is often caused by ACS. Preserved systolic function is found in a substantial proportion of the patients. The prevalence of valvular dysfunction is strikingly high and contributes to the clinical presentation. The EHFS II on AHF verified that the use of evidence-based HF medication was well adopted to clinical practice.
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            Trends in heart failure incidence and survival in a community-based population.

            The epidemic of heart failure has yet to be fully investigated, and data on incidence, survival, and sex-specific temporal trends in community-based populations are limited. To test the hypothesis that the incidence of heart failure has declined and survival after heart failure diagnosis has improved over time but that secular trends have diverged by sex. Population-based cohort study using the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project conducted in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Patients were 4537 Olmsted County residents (57% women; mean [SD] age, 74 [14] years) with a diagnosis of heart failure between 1979 and 2000. Framingham criteria and clinical criteria were used to validate the diagnosis Incidence of heart failure and survival after heart failure diagnosis. The incidence of heart failure was higher among men (378/100 000 persons; 95% confidence interval [CI], 361-395 for men; 289/100 000 persons; 95% CI, 277-300 for women) and did not change over time among men or women. After a mean follow-up of 4.2 years (range, 0-23.8 years), 3347 deaths occurred, including 1930 among women and 1417 among men. Survival after heart failure diagnosis was worse among men than women (relative risk, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.24-1.43) but overall improved over time (5-year age-adjusted survival, 43% in 1979-1984 vs 52% in 1996-2000, P<.001). However, men and younger persons experienced larger survival gains, contrasting with less or no improvement for women and elderly persons. In this community-based cohort, the incidence of heart failure has not declined during 2 decades, but survival after onset of heart failure has increased overall, with less improvement among women and elderly persons.
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              A positive fluid balance is associated with a worse outcome in patients with acute renal failure

              Introduction Despite significant improvements in intensive care medicine, the prognosis of acute renal failure (ARF) remains poor, with mortality ranging from 40% to 65%. The aim of the present observational study was to analyze the influence of patient characteristics and fluid balance on the outcome of ARF in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methods The data were extracted from the Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients (SOAP) study, a multicenter observational cohort study to which 198 ICUs from 24 European countries contributed. All adult patients admitted to a participating ICU between 1 and 15 May 2002, except those admitted for uncomplicated postoperative surveillance, were eligible for the study. For the purposes of this substudy, patients were divided into two groups according to whether they had ARF. The groups were compared with respect to patient characteristics, fluid balance, and outcome. Results Of the 3,147 patients included in the SOAP study, 1,120 (36%) had ARF at some point during their ICU stay. Sixty-day mortality rates were 36% in patients with ARF and 16% in patients without ARF (P < 0.01). Oliguric patients and patients treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT) had higher 60-day mortality rates than patients without oliguria or the need for RRT (41% versus 33% and 52% versus 32%, respectively; P < 0.01). Independent risk factors for 60-day mortality in the patients with ARF were age, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II), heart failure, liver cirrhosis, medical admission, mean fluid balance, and need for mechanical ventilation. Among patients treated with RRT, length of stay and mortality were lower when RRT was started early in the course of the ICU stay. Conclusion In this large European multicenter study, a positive fluid balance was an important factor associated with increased 60-day mortality. Outcome among patients treated with RRT was better when RRT was started early in the course of the ICU stay.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nefrologia
                Nefrología (Madrid)
                Nefrología (Madr.)
                Sociedad Española de Nefrología (Cantabria, Santander, Spain )
                0211-6995
                1989-2284
                2013
                : 33
                : 2
                : 256-265
                Affiliations
                [01] Las Palmas de Gran Canaria orgnameHospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología
                [02] Las Palmas de Gran Canaria orgnameUniversidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
                Article
                S0211-69952013000200015
                10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2012.Jul.11330
                4d279a59-dc9b-4d3a-870a-22dd9bafe552

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 January 2012
                : 02 July 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Insuficiencia cardíaca,Sobrecarga hídrica,Fracaso renal agudo,Biomarcadores,Mortalidad cardiovascular,Heart failure,Water overload,Acute renal failure,Biomarker,Cardiovascular mortality

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