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      Candidíase oral e leucoplasia pilosa como marcadores de progressão da infecção pelo HIV em pacientes brasileiros Translated title: Oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia as progression markers of HIV infection in Brazilian patients

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          Abstract

          Candidíase oral (CO) e leucoplasia pilosa (LP) são importantes indicadores da progressão da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) para o quadro de AIDS, principalmente em locais onde exames específicos são inacessíveis. OBJETO: Relacionar CO e LP ao número de células CD4+ e à carga viral (CV) em pacientes brasileiros HIV-positivos, confirmando-as como marcadores clínicos confiáveis de progressão da doença. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Coorte longitudinal. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Avaliamos prospectivamente 124 pacientes HIV-positivos, isentos de terapia antiretroviral. Todos foram submetidos a exame ORL, dosagem de células CD4+ e CV, sendo divididos em dois grupos: P e A, de acordo com a presença ou ausência de CO e LP. Depois de seis meses, os pacientes do grupo A foram subdivididos nos subgrupos P6 (presença de lesões) e A6. Dosamos novamente CD4+ e carga viral. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: No grupo P (43 pacientes, 28 CO e 15 LP) a contagem de células CD4+ foi menor e a carga viral maior em relação ao grupo A (p<0,001). Após 6 meses, 15 dos 81 pacientes do grupo A foram excluídos por iniciarem terapia antiretroviral. Dezoito (11 CO e 7 LP), passaram a compor o grupo P6. Os demais, sem lesões, compuseram o grupo A6. A contagem de células CD4+ no grupo P6 foi menor (p< 0,001) que no grupo A6. O inverso ocorreu com a carga viral. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: CO e LP indicam contagem de células CD4+ abaixo de 300 cels/mm³ e carga viral elevada, sendo marcadores clínicos confiáveis da progressão da doença.

          Translated abstract

          Oral candidiasis (OC) and hairy leukoplakia (HL) are important markers of HIV (Human Imunodeficiency syndrome) infection progression for AIDS, mainly in locals where specific tests are inacessible. AIM: to intertwine OC and HL to CD4+ counting and to viral charge (VC) on HIV positive brazilian patients, confirming them as trustworthy clinical markers of the disease progression. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort. MATERIAL AND METHOD: we have prospectively evaluated 124 HIV+ patients not in use of antiretroviral therapy. All of them have undertaken otorrhinolaringologic examination and CD4+ and VC counting, being divided in two groups: P and A, accordingly to presence or absence of OC and HL. After six months, patients belonging to the A group were re-divided on groups P6 (presence of lesions) and A6 (absence of lesions). Again, CD4+ and VC were counted. The results were statistically evaluated. RESULTS: on the P group, (43 patients, 28 OC, 15 HL) the CD4+ counting was smaller with greater viral charge when compared to A group (P<0.001). After 6 months, 15 of the 81 patients from the A group were excluded as they have initiated antiretroviral therapy. Eighteen patients (11 OC and 7 HL) were included on the P6 group. The others, who were free of lesions, were allocated on the A6 group. Again, CD4+ counting on the P6 group was smaller compared to the A6 group (P<0.001). The opposite occurred to the viral charge. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: OC and HL indicate CD4+ counting below 300 cells/mm³ and increased VC, thus being trustable clinical markers of the disease progression.

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          Most cited references22

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          The prognostic value of cellular and serologic markers in infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

          We evaluated three cellular and five serologic markers that are affected by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) for their ability to predict the progression to clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The cellular markers were the number of CD4+ T cells, the number of CD8+ T cells, and the ratio of CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells. The serologic markers were the serum levels of neopterin (a product of stimulated macrophages), beta 2-microglobulin, soluble interleukin-2 receptors, IgA, and HIV p24 antigen. We evaluated the usefulness of these measures as markers of the progression to AIDS prospectively, over four years, in a cohort of 395 HIV-seropositive homosexual men who were initially free of AIDS. CD4+ T cells (expressed as an absolute number, a percentage of lymphocytes, or a ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells) were the best single predictor of the progression to AIDS, but the serum neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin levels each had nearly as much predictive power. The neopterin level appeared to be a slightly better predictor than the beta 2-microglobulin level. The levels of IgA, interleukin-2 receptors, and p24 antigen had less predictive value. A stepwise multivariate analysis indicated that the best predictors, in descending order, were CD4+ T cells (the percentage of lymphocytes or the CD4+: CD8+ ratio), the serum level of neopterin or beta 2-microglobulin, the level of IgA, that of interleukin-2 receptors, and that of p24 antigen. The last three markers had little additional predictive power beyond that of the first two. We conclude that of the eight markers studied, progression to AIDS was predicted most accurately by the level of CD4+ T cells in combination with the serum level of either neopterin or beta 2-microglobulin. At least one of these two serum markers, which reflect immune activation, should be used along with measurement of CD4+ T cells in disease-classification schemes and in the evaluation of responses to therapy.
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            Oral candidiasis in high-risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

            We studied the frequency with which unexplained oral candidiasis led to unequivocal acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in patients at risk. Twenty-two previously healthy adults with unexplained oral candidiasis, of whom the 19 tested had a reversed T4/T8 ratio and 20 had generalized lymphadenopathy, were compared with 20 similar patients with a reversed T4/T8 ratio and generalized lymphadenopathy who did not have oral candidiasis. All were intravenous-drug abusers, homosexual or bisexual men, or both. Thirteen of the 22 patients with oral candidiasis (59 per cent) acquired a major opportunistic infection or Kaposi's sarcoma at a median of three months (range, 1 to 23) as compared with none of 20 patients with generalized lymphadenopathy and immunodeficiency but without candidiasis who were followed for a median of 12 months (range, 5 to 21) (P less than 0.001). AIDS developed in 12 of 15 patients with candidiasis and T4/T8 ratios less than or equal to 0.51, as compared with none of four with ratios equal to or greater than 0.60 (P less than 0.01). We conclude that in patients at high risk for AIDS, the presence of unexplained oral candidiasis predicts the development of serious opportunistic infections more than 50 per cent of the time. Whether the remainder will have AIDS is not yet known.
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              Oral manifestations associated with HIV-related disease as markers for immune suppression and AIDS.

              Oral lesions are common findings in HIV-related disease, but little is known about their significance in predicting immune suppression among a representative group of HIV-infected persons. Oral examinations were performed on 454 patients who came to an outpatient dental clinic for dental care. CD4+ cell counts were obtained within 2 months of the examination. In persons with a specific lesion and a CD4+ cell count below 200 cells/mm3 the corresponding mean CD4+ cell counts and predictive values were 149.5 cells/mm3 and 69.9% for candidiasis, 143.3 cells/mm3 and 70.1% for oral hairy leukoplakia, 126.0 cells/mm3 and 69.4% for xerostomia, 51.8 cells/mm3 and 95.1% for necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, 98.7 cells/mm3 and 87.0% for long-standing herpes simplex virus infections, 66.6 cells/mm3 and 93.6% for Kaposi's sarcoma, and 33.7 cells/mm3 and 100% for major aphthous ulcers. The mean CD4+ cell count declined with increased numbers of different concurrent lesions. The presence of specific oral manifestations and the number of different concurrent intraoral lesions among HIV-infected persons are associated with severe immune suppression and AIDS. Oral examinations are an essential component for early recognition of disease progression and comprehensive evaluation of HIV-infected patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rboto
                Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia
                Rev. Bras. Otorrinolaringol.
                ABORL-CCF Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0034-7299
                June 2004
                : 70
                : 3
                : 310-314
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina
                Article
                S0034-72992004000300005 S0034-7299(04)07000305
                10.1590/S0034-72992004000300005
                4d029580-fe41-485c-bd42-ae72fc62174f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 May 2004
                : 08 March 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 5
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                SciELO Brazil

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                Artigos Originais

                oral candidiasis,hairy leukoplakia,HIV/AIDS,lesões orais,candidíase oral,leucoplasia pilosa,HIV,AIDS

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