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      Pseudopalavras para Terapia Fonológica: uma nova abordagem terapêutica Translated title: Pseudowords to the Phonological Therapy: a new therapeutic approach

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          Abstract

          RESUMO As pseudopalavras são um recurso pouco utilizado na prática clínica, mas podem representar uma excelente opção para a terapia fonológica. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o progresso terapêutico de crianças com desvio fonológico tratadas a partir de uma nova abordagem terapêutica, considerando o ambiente linguístico favorecedor em pseudopalavras e palavras com significado. A amostra foi composta por 3 crianças, com idades entre 4 e 8 anos, submetidas a uma nova abordagem terapêutica com base fonológica. As crianças foram tratadas com diferentes alvos envolvendo pseudopalavras e palavras reais, em ambiente linguístico favorecedor e neutro. Nos resultados, pode-se observar que a terapia envolvendo ambiente linguístico favorecedor apresentou melhores resultados quando comparada com a realizada em ambiente neutro. Em relação às palavras-alvo, os sujeitos tratados simultaneamente com pseudopalavras e palavras reais apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, indicando que os alvos foram adequados à terapia. A nova abordagem terapêutica envolvendo pseudopalavras e palavras reais em ambientes favorecedores mostrou-se eficaz para o tratamento dos desvios fonológicos.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT The pseudowords are a resource rarely used in clinical practice, but may be an excellent option for phonological therapy. This study aimed to verify the therapeutic progress of children with phonological disorder, treated from a new therapeutic approach, considering the favorable linguistic environment in pseudowords and words. The sample consisted of three children, aged between 4 and 8 years old, who submitted to a new therapeutic approach to phonological basis. The children were treated with different targets involving pseudowords and real words in favorable and neutral linguistic environments. In the results, it can be observed that the therapy involving favorable linguistic environment the best results when compared to realize in neutral environment. Regarding the target words, subject treated simultaneously with pseudowords and real words presented satisfactory results, indicating that the targets were appropriate to therapy. The new therapeutic approach involving pseudowords and real words in favorable environments proved to be effective for the treatment of phonological disorders.

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          A common neural substrate for language production and verbal working memory.

          Verbal working memory (VWM), the ability to maintain and manipulate representations of speech sounds over short periods, is held by some influential models to be independent from the systems responsible for language production and comprehension [e.g., Baddeley, A. D. Working memory, thought, and action. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007]. We explore the alternative hypothesis that maintenance in VWM is subserved by temporary activation of the language production system [Acheson, D. J., & MacDonald, M. C. Verbal working memory and language production: Common approaches to the serial ordering of verbal information. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 50-68, 2009b]. Specifically, we hypothesized that for stimuli lacking a semantic representation (e.g., nonwords such as mun), maintenance in VWM can be achieved by cycling information back and forth between the stages of phonological encoding and articulatory planning. First, fMRI was used to identify regions associated with two different stages of language production planning: the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) for phonological encoding (critical for VWM of nonwords) and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) for lexical-semantic retrieval (not critical for VWM of nonwords). Next, in the same subjects, these regions were targeted with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) during language production and VWM task performance. Results showed that rTMS to the pSTG, but not the MTG, increased error rates on paced reading (a language production task) and on delayed serial recall of nonwords (a test of VWM). Performance on a lexical-semantic retrieval task (picture naming), in contrast, was significantly sensitive to rTMS of the MTG. Because rTMS was guided by language production-related activity, these results provide the first causal evidence that maintenance in VWM directly depends on the long-term representations and processes used in speech production.
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            Maximal opposition approach to phonological treatment.

            The purpose of this paper was to evaluate a phonological treatment program of maximal rather than minimal feature contrasts by charting the course of learning in a child displaying a systematic error pattern involving the nonoccurrence of word-initial consonants. Generalization data indicated that the child learned 16 word-initial consonants following treatment of only three sets of maximal opposition contrasts. Overgeneralization data indicated that the child restructured his phonological system based on a larger concept of "word initialness." Basic components of and differences between various forms of contrast treatment are discussed.
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              Estudo sobre os ambientes favoráveis à produção da líquida não-lateral /r/ no tratamento do desvio fonológico

              Os ambientes favoráveis são contextos facilitadores para a aquisição do segmento tratado. Eles podem ser analisados sob os seguintes aspectos: tonicidade, contexto antecedente e vogal seguinte. O objetivo deste relato de caso foi analisar a influência das variáveis lingüísticas (ambiente favorável) no tratamento de um sujeito com desvio fonológico evolutivo. Participou do estudo um sujeito com desvio fonológico, com idade de 6:8 no início do tratamento, do sexo masculino, tratado pelo Modelo ABAB-Retirada e Provas Múltiplas. Foram analisados os dados de fala pré e pós-tratamento e as Provas Alvo Básicas do primeiro ciclo de tratamento. Nas palavras-alvo selecionadas para terapia, foram analisadas as aquisições quanto ao alvo de tratamento, a líquida não-lateral /r/, e os ambientes favoráveis à aquisição no que se refere à tonicidade e aos contextos (antecedente e seguinte). Observou-se que o /r/, nas palavras-alvo selecionadas, não era encontrado em ambientes mais favoráveis; em geral, encontrava-se em ambiente neutro ou menos favorecedor. No entanto, verificou-se generalização no que se refere à aquisição da líquida não-lateral /r/ em Onset Medial, e a produção do fonema nas palavras-alvo selecionadas foi efetiva, destacando-se as produções das palavras [ba´rata], [ko´ruZa] e [mo´rãgu], que apresentaram maior número de ocorrências.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                codas
                CoDAS
                CoDAS
                Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                2317-1782
                November 2018
                : 30
                : 6
                : e20170014
                Affiliations
                [01] Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria orgdiv1Doutorado em Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana Brazil
                [02] Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria orgdiv1Curso de Fonoaudiologia Brazil
                [03] Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul orgnamePontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul orgdiv1Doutorado em Linguística Aplicada Brazil
                Article
                S2317-17822018000600404
                10.1590/2317-1782/20182017014
                4cda5e38-c74f-4d20-af6b-09a985ac9cd5

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 August 2017
                : 12 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Relatos de Caso

                Criança,Speech,Fonética,Fonoaudiologia,Articulation Disorders,Speech Therapy,Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences,Phonetics,Child,Fala,Fonoterapia,Transtornos da Articulação

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