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      Outcomes of Visual Self-Expression in Virtual Reality on Psychosocial Well-Being With the Inclusion of a Fragrance Stimulus: A Pilot Mixed-Methods Study

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          Abstract

          Aims

          In this pilot mixed-methods study, we examined the participants experiences of engaging in virtual drawing tasks and the impact of an olfactory stimulus (calming fragrance blend) on outcomes of affect, stress, self-efficacy, anxiety, creative agency, and well-being (satisfaction with life).

          Methods

          This study used a parallel mixed-methods, simple block randomization design. The study participants included 24 healthy adults aged 18 to 54 years, including 18 women and six men. The participants completed two 1-h immersive virtual art making sessions and were randomly assigned to receive either a fragrance or a non-fragrance condition for the first session. Quantitative (standardized self-report measures) and qualitative (open-ended survey responses and virtual artwork) datasets were collected concurrently and integrated during data analysis.

          Results

          The quantitative results indicated that the fragrance condition demonstrated a significant reduction in negative affect (e.g., feeling hostile, jittery, upset, distressed, etc.), namely, reduced feelings of negativity when compared to the non-fragrance condition. A trend toward improvement in self-efficacy was also seen in the fragrance condition. No significant changes were found for fragrance or non-fragrance conditions for positive affect, anxiety, and creative agency. The qualitative findings included five themes related to art making experiences in virtual reality in both conditions: fun and joy; novelty of virtual media, experimentation, and play; relaxation and calm; learning curve; and physical discomfort and disorientation. Four themes were identified for virtual art content and visual qualities: nature imagery, references to memories and personal symbols, fantasy and play within imagery, and depiction of everyday objects.

          Conclusions

          Overall, the participants reported positive responses to the novel virtual art making experiences which were further heightened by the inclusion of the fragrance stimulus for negative affect. These preliminary findings need to be replicated with larger sample sizes to confirm the outcomes and the trends that were seen in this pilot study. Further research is recommended to examine the differences between experiences of virtual and traditional art media and to examine different olfactory stimuli promoting focus and concentration.

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          A Global Measure of Perceived Stress

          Sheldon Cohen, Tom Kamarck, Robin Mermelstein (1983)
          Article 0 comments Cited 3822 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The Satisfaction With Life Scale.

            Ed Diener, Robert A Emmons, Randy Larsen … (2010)
            This article reports the development and validation of a scale to measure global life satisfaction, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among the various components of subjective well-being, the SWLS is narrowly focused to assess global life satisfaction and does not tap related constructs such as positive affect or loneliness. The SWLS is shown to have favorable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and high temporal reliability. Scores on the SWLS correlate moderately to highly with other measures of subjective well-being, and correlate predictably with specific personality characteristics. It is noted that the SWLS is Suited for use with different age groups, and other potential uses of the scale are discussed.
            Article 0 comments Cited 3351 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              A global measure of perceived stress.

              S. Cohen, T Kamarck, R Mermelstein (1983)
              Article 0 comments Cited 969 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 December 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 589461
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Creative Arts Therapies, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University , Philadelphia, PA, United States
                [2] 2International Arts + Mind Lab, Brain Science Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, United States
                [3] 3Department of Psychology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township , NJ, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Johanna Czamanski-Cohen, University of Haifa, Israel

                Reviewed by: Christianne E. Strang, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States; Erin Partridge, Notre Dame de Namur University, United States

                *Correspondence: Katrina Carroll-Haskins, kla67@ 123456drexel.edu

                This article was submitted to Psychology for Clinical Settings, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.589461
                PMC ID: 7793948
                PubMed ID: 33424706
                SO-VID: 4cc491f3-b973-4fad-bf97-c9f172491f36
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Kaimal, Carroll-Haskins, Ramakrishnan, Magsamen, Arslanbek and Herres.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 04 August 2020
                Date accepted : 23 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 2, Equations: 12, References: 59, Pages: 13, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University 10.13039/100009810
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: virtual reality,drawing,fragrance,mixed method,well-being,affect,self-efficacy,stress
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: virtual reality, drawing, fragrance, mixed method, well-being, affect, self-efficacy, stress

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