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      Modified Anderson-Darling Test-Based Target Detector in Non-Homogenous Environments

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          Abstract

          A constant false alarm rate (CFAR) target detector in non-homogenous backgrounds is proposed. Based on K-sample Anderson-Darling (AD) tests, the method re-arranges the reference cells by merging homogenous sub-blocks surrounding the cell under test (CUT) into a new reference window to estimate the background statistics. Double partition test, clutter edge refinement and outlier elimination are used as an anti-clutter processor in the proposed Modified AD (MAD) detector. Simulation results show that the proposed MAD test based detector outperforms cell-averaging (CA) CFAR, greatest of (GO) CFAR, smallest of (SO) CFAR, order-statistic (OS) CFAR, variability index (VI) CFAR, and CUT inclusive (CI) CFAR in most non-homogenous situations.

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          Analysis of CFAR processors in homogeneous background

          P.P. Gandhi, S.A. Kassam (1988)
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            Range Resolution of Targets Using Automatic Detectors

            G.V. Trunk (1978)
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              Application of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves for Explosives Detection Using Different Sampling and Detection Techniques

              Mimy Young, Wen Fan, Anna Raeva … (2013)
              Reported for the first time are receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves constructed to describe the performance of a sorbent-coated disk, planar solid phase microextraction (PSPME) unit for non-contact sampling of a variety of volatiles. The PSPME is coupled to ion mobility spectrometers (IMSs) for the detection of volatile chemical markers associated with the presence of smokeless powders, model systems of explosives containing diphenylamine (DPA), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and nitroglycerin (NG) as the target analytes. The performance of the PSPME-IMS was compared with the widely accepted solid-phase microextraction (SPME), coupled to a GC-MS. A set of optimized sampling conditions for different volume containers (1–45 L) with various sample amounts of explosives, were studied in replicates (n = 30) to determine the true positive rates (TPR) and false positive detection rates (FPR) for the different scenarios. These studies were obtained in order to construct the ROC curves for two IMS instruments (a bench-top and field-portable system) and a bench top GC-MS system in low and high clutter environments. Both static and dynamic PSPME sampling were studied in which 10–500 mg quantities of smokeless powders were detected within 10 min of static sampling and 1 min of dynamic sampling.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date Collection: September 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 August 2014
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 16046-16061
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Electronic Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: weiys@ 123456hit.edu.cn (Y.W.); westerange@ 123456163.com (B.L.)
                [2 ] Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mail: gil_alterovitz@ 123456hms.harvard.edu
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: li.yang@ 123456hit.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-451-8641-8051 (ext. 821); Fax: +86-451-8641-3522.
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-14-16046
                DOI: 10.3390/s140916046
                PMC ID: 4208161
                PubMed ID: 25177800
                SO-VID: 4c803811-5a02-402f-a415-2e2d6bc139dd
                Copyright © © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 09 February 2014
                Date revision received : 03 July 2014
                Date accepted : 11 August 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: target detection,constant false alarm rate (cfar) detector,anderson-darling (ad) test,statistical signal processing,clutter edge,non-homogenous background
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: target detection, constant false alarm rate (cfar) detector, anderson-darling (ad) test, statistical signal processing, clutter edge, non-homogenous background

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