A Systematic Review of Methods for Increasing Vegetable Consumption in Early Childhood

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

This study aims to synthesise the body of research investigating methods for increasing vegetable consumption in 2- to 5-year-old children, while offering advice for practitioners.

Recent Findings

Repeated exposure is a well-supported method for increasing vegetable consumption in early childhood and may be enhanced with the inclusion of non-food rewards to incentivise tasting. Peer models appear particularly effective for increasing 2–5-year-olds’ vegetable consumption. There is little evidence for the effectiveness of food adaptations (e.g. flavour-nutrient learning) for increasing general vegetable intake among this age group, although they show some promise with bitter vegetables.

Summary

This review suggests that practitioners may want to focus their advice to parents around strategies such as repeated exposure, as well as the potential benefits of modelling and incentivising tasting with non-food rewards. Intervention duration varies greatly, and considerations need to be made for how this impacts on success.

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Most cited references 37

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Consistent dietary patterns identified from childhood to adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study.

V Mikkilä, L Räsänen, O. Raitakari … (2005)

Dietary patterns are useful in nutritional epidemiology, providing a comprehensive alternative to the traditional approach based on single nutrients. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is a prospective cohort study with a 21-year follow-up. At baseline, detailed quantitative information on subjects' food consumption was obtained using a 48 h dietary recall method (n 1768, aged 3-18 years). The interviews were repeated after 6 and 21 years (n 1200 and n 1037, respectively). We conducted a principal component analysis to identify major dietary patterns at each study point. A set of two similar patterns was recognised throughout the study. Pattern 1 was positively correlated with consumption of traditional Finnish foods, such as rye, potatoes, milk, butter, sausages and coffee, and negatively correlated with fruit, berries and dairy products other than milk. Pattern 1 type of diet was more common among male subjects, smokers and those living in rural areas. Pattern 2, predominant among female subjects, non-smokers and in urban areas, was characterised by more health-conscious food choices such as vegetables, legumes and nuts, tea, rye, cheese and other dairy products, and also by consumption of alcoholic beverages. Tracking of the pattern scores was observed, particularly among subjects who were adolescents at baseline. Of those originally belonging to the uppermost quintile of pattern 1 and 2 scores, 41 and 38 % respectively, persisted in the same quintile 21 years later. Our results suggest that food behaviour and concrete food choices are established already in childhood or adolescence and may significantly track into adulthood.

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Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome.

Sharon S Elliott, Nancy Keim, Judith Stern … (2002)

This review explores whether fructose consumption might be a contributing factor to the development of obesity and the accompanying metabolic abnormalities observed in the insulin resistance syndrome. The per capita disappearance data for fructose from the combined consumption of sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup have increased by 26%, from 64 g/d in 1970 to 81 g/d in 1997. Both plasma insulin and leptin act in the central nervous system in the long-term regulation of energy homeostasis. Because fructose does not stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, the consumption of foods and beverages containing fructose produces smaller postprandial insulin excursions than does consumption of glucose-containing carbohydrate. Because leptin production is regulated by insulin responses to meals, fructose consumption also reduces circulating leptin concentrations. The combined effects of lowered circulating leptin and insulin in individuals who consume diets that are high in dietary fructose could therefore increase the likelihood of weight gain and its associated metabolic sequelae. In addition, fructose, compared with glucose, is preferentially metabolized to lipid in the liver. Fructose consumption induces insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia, and hypertension in animal models. The data in humans are less clear. Although there are existing data on the metabolic and endocrine effects of dietary fructose that suggest that increased consumption of fructose may be detrimental in terms of body weight and adiposity and the metabolic indexes associated with the insulin resistance syndrome, much more research is needed to fully understand the metabolic effect of dietary fructose in humans.

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Portion size of food affects energy intake in normal-weight and overweight men and women.

Barbara J Rolls, Erin Morris, Liane S Roe (2002)

Large portions of food may contribute to excess energy intake and greater obesity. However, data on the effects of portion size on food intake in adults are limited. We examined the effect of portion size on intake during a single meal. We also investigated whether the response to portion size depended on which person, the subject or the experimenter, determined the amount of food on the plate. Fifty-one men and women were served lunch 1 d/wk for 4 wk. Lunch included an entrée of macaroni and cheese consumed ad libitum. At each meal, subjects were presented with 1 of 4 portions of the entrée: 500, 625, 750, or 1000 g. One group of subjects received the portion on a plate, and a second group received it in a serving dish and took the amount they desired on their plates. Portion size significantly influenced energy intake at lunch (P < 0.0001). Subjects consumed 30% more energy (676 kJ) when offered the largest portion than when offered the smallest portion. The response to the variations in portion size was not influenced by who determined the amount of food on the plate or by subject characteristics such as sex, body mass index, or scores for dietary restraint or disinhibition. Larger portions led to greater energy intake regardless of serving method and subject characteristics. Portion size is a modifiable determinant of energy intake that should be addressed in connection with the prevention and treatment of obesity.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Clare E. Holley: +44(0)1509226376 , C.Holley@lboro.ac.uk

Claire Farrow: +44 (0)1212045384 , c.farrow@aston.ac.uk

Emma Haycraft: +44 (0)1509 228160 , E.Haycraft@lboro.ac.uk

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Nutr Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Nutr Rep

Title: Current Nutrition Reports

Publisher: Springer US (New York )

ISSN (Electronic): 2161-3311

Publication date (Electronic): 29 April 2017

Publication date PMC-release: 29 April 2017

Publication date (Print): 2017

Volume: 6

Issue: 2

Pages: 157-170

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8542, GRID grid.6571.5, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, , Loughborough University, ; Loughborough, LE11 3TU UK

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0376 4727, GRID grid.7273.1, School of Health & Life Sciences, , Aston University, ; Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET UK

Article

Publisher ID: 202

DOI: 10.1007/s13668-017-0202-1

PMC ID: 5438436

PubMed ID: 28596931

SO-VID: 4c5e6921-471f-43b4-aa3f-252f0fcb9276

License:

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

History

Funding

Funded by: Loughborough University

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics

Keywords: child,repeated exposure,fussy eaters,peer modelling,non-food reward,bitter sensitive,intervention duration

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics

Keywords: child, repeated exposure, fussy eaters, peer modelling, non-food reward, bitter sensitive, intervention duration

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A Systematic Review of Methods for Increasing Vegetable Consumption in Early Childhood

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Related collections

Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 37

Consistent dietary patterns identified from childhood to adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study.

Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome.

Portion size of food affects energy intake in normal-weight and overweight men and women.

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