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      Estimation of native and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seabirds from the south coast of the Baltic Sea

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          Abstract

          Native and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in the muscle, liver, kidneys, and lungs of greater scaup ( Aythya marila) and great crested grebe ( Podiceps cristatus). Both species showed differences in distribution and profiles among the tissues. The highest ƩPAH concentrations were in the scaup lungs and the grebe kidneys (20 and 19 ng g −1 wet weight, respectively). Alkylated derivatives were in the range of 61 to 77% of ΣPAHs in both species. Differences in PAH profiles between birds, analyzed by PCA, were probably results of metabolic capability, not various diet. In comparison to available data from other regions of the world, PAH levels in investigated species are relatively low and do not pose a threat to birds themselves.

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          A Critical Review of Naphthalene Sources and Exposures Relevant to Indoor and Outdoor Air

          Chunrong Jia, Stuart Batterman (2010)
          Both the recent classification of naphthalene as a possible human carcinogen and its ubiquitous presence motivate this critical review of naphthalene’s sources and exposures. We evaluate the environmental literature on naphthalene published since 1990, drawing on nearly 150 studies that report emissions and concentrations in indoor, outdoor and personal air. While naphthalene is both a volatile organic compound and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, concentrations and exposures are poorly characterized relative to many other pollutants. Most airborne emissions result from combustion, and key sources include industry, open burning, tailpipe emissions, and cigarettes. The second largest source is off-gassing, specifically from naphthalene’s use as a deodorizer, repellent and fumigant. In the U.S., naphthalene’s use as a moth repellant has been reduced in favor of para-dichlorobenzene, but extensive use continues in mothballs, which appears responsible for some of the highest indoor exposures, along with off-label uses. Among the studies judged to be representative, average concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 1.7 μg m−3 in non-smoker’s homes, and from 0.02 to 0.31 μg m−3 outdoors in urban areas. Personal exposures have been reported in only three European studies. Indoor sources are the major contributor to (non-occupational) exposure. While its central tendencies fall well below guideline levels relevant to acute health impacts, several studies have reported maximum concentrations exceeding 100 μg m−3, far above guideline levels. Using current but draft estimates of cancer risks, naphthalene is a major environmental risk driver, with typical individual risk levels in the 10−4 range, which is high and notable given that millions of individuals are exposed. Several factors influence indoor and outdoor concentrations, but the literature is inconsistent on their effects. Further investigation is needed to better characterize naphthalene’s sources and exposures, especially for indoor and personal measurements.
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            Air pollution impacts on avian species via inhalation exposure and associated outcomes

            Olivia Sanderfoot, Tracey Holloway (2017)
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              Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions in the Seine River and its estuary

              J Tronczyński, A Boireau, M.-A. Sicre … (1997)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ilona Waszak:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8504-9094
                ilona.waszak@mir.gdynia.pl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Title: Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 0944-1344
                ISSN (Electronic): 1614-7499
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 September 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 September 2020
                Publication date (Print): 2021
                Volume: 28
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 4366-4376
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.425937.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2291 1436, Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, , National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (NMFRI), ; 1 Kołłątaja Str, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
                [2 ]GRID grid.8585.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2370 4076, Avian Ecophysiology Unit, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, , University of Gdańsk, ; 59 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
                Author notes

                Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8504-9094
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10653
                DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10653-y
                PMC ID: 7835302
                PubMed ID: 32940838
                SO-VID: 4bde3df1-8c20-41c3-bfff-d7ef4b374171
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 12 December 2019
                Date accepted : 26 August 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: National Marine Fisheries Research Institute
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: native pahs,alkylated pahs,greater scaup,great crested grebe,seabirds,baltic sea
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: native pahs, alkylated pahs, greater scaup, great crested grebe, seabirds, baltic sea

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