Comparative Study of Complete Blood Count Between High-Altitude and Sea-Level Residents in West Saudi Arabia

Abstract

The reduction in oxygen partial pressure at high altitudes leads to diminished oxygen saturation in the arteries, stimulating erythropoietin production and erythropoiesis to restore appropriate oxygenation. While many studies have explored acclimatization to high altitude and its effects on complete blood count (CBC) parameters, our research uniquely examined both male and female healthy individuals, emphasizing the novelty of gender-specific observations. We analyzed 1,160 individuals in Taif (Al Hada), east Saudi Arabia, a high-altitude region, and compared them to 1,044 counterparts in Jeddah, at sea level. Our results revealed significant variations in CBC parameters, including white blood count, red blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, reflecting the body's hypoxic response. These variations were observed in both genders, with specific differences noted between males and females. For example, NEU (neutrophils), representing the absolute count of a type of white blood cell essential in the immune system's defense, showed significant variations for males. The male results show that the variation in males between the sea level and high altitudes indicated significant p-values for all CBC parameters except NEU between at sea level (Jeddah city), whose p-value was 0.8696, and at high altitude (Taif city, Al Hada). In contrast, MONO (monocytes), another type of white blood cell involved in immune response, and RBC (red blood cells), responsible for oxygen transport, were mentioned but did not show significant variations for females. The full results for females showed significant results (P<0.0001) for BASO, HCT, HGB, MCH, MCHC, MPV, PLT, RDW, and WBC between the sea-level altitude and high altitude for females. Also, EOS and LYM showed significant P-values of 0.0002 and 0.0001, respectively, while MONO, NEU, and RBC indicated no significance between the sea-level altitude and high altitude for females. The p-values of MONO, NEU, and RBC, respectively, were 0.1907, 0.1259, and 0.0677. The results for both genders combined showed significant variations of all CBC parameters (P<0.0001) between the sea-level altitude and high altitude except for MONO, NEU, and RBC, which were not significant for both males and females, with p-values of 0.1589, 0.2911, and 0.0595, respectively. All unhealthy individuals were excluded from the study with any condition that would cause significant changes in CBC parameters and would skew the results, ensuring a focus on physiological adaptations in healthy subjects. By comparing healthy individuals and examining each gender separately, this study contributes valuable insights into high-altitude acclimatization, enhancing our understanding of physiological adaptations and potentially guiding health management in such environments within the normal range.