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      Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs among Medical Students and the Relationship With Illicit Drug, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use

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          Abstract

          Nonmedical use of prescription medications is a growing health problem including not only the opioid painkiller overdose epidemic but also benzodiazepine and stimulants misuse. Medical students express considerable high percentages of prescription drug misuse but also of illicit drug use, with cannabis being the frequently used illicit drug. We report the final results of a cross-sectional study among medical students that examined prevalence and motivation for use and suggest that medical students display similar patterns of misuse, for both licit and illicit drugs, to other students. Furthermore, a correlation was found between illicit drugs use with tranquilizers misuse and between smoking and alcohol misuse with opioids, sleeping drugs, and stimulants use. Considering that substance use during medical school affects students’ personal and professional lives and has potential consequences for their patients, further studies are needed to elucidate the prevalence but also the motivation for that use.

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          Relationship between Nonmedical Prescription-Opioid Use and Heroin Use

          Wilson Compton, Christopher M Jones, Grant T. Baldwin (2016)
          Article 0 comments Cited 296 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Prescription Drugs, Alcohol, and Illicit Substance Use and Their Correlations Among Medical Sciences Students in Iran

            Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo, Akbar Fotouhi, Hojjat Zeraati … (2015)
            Background: Substance use among young people is a major public health problem in Iran. Objectives: The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of substance misuse and its determinants in medical sciences students in Tehran, Iran. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on a randomly selected sample of 1992 medical sciences students during 2012-2013. Anonymous, structured questionnaires were distributed among the students in each selected class. Substance misuse was defined according to cultural and epidemiological features. Data analysis was performed using chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and binary logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of prescription drug misuse, last year alcohol use, and ever illicit substance use was 4.9%, 6.9%, and 2.9%, respectively. The result of multiple logistic regression model showed that being a male (OR = 4.0), hookah use in the last year (OR = 3.2), prescription drug misuse (OR = 3.2), and alcohol use in the last year (OR = 3.3) were associated with the students’ illicit substance use. Last year alcohol use (OR = 5.3), ever illicit substance use (OR = 3.2), and illicit substance use in friends (OR = 2.6) were associated with prescription drug misuse. Conclusions: Our results suggested that the prevalence of prescription drugs, alcohol and illicit substance use was relatively low, though still significant, among Iranian students, which was strongly associated with family and friends’ use. The findings of this research can be used for planning and evaluating interventions by considering the risk factors and protective factors in Universities.
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              Polysubstance use and misuse or abuse of prescription opioid analgesics: a multi-level analysis of international data.

              Katherine I. Morley, Jason A Ferris, Adam R Winstock … (2017)
              Increasing mortality and morbidity associated with opioid analgesics has led to concerns about their misuse and abuse, even when obtained through a prescription. These concerns have been most pronounced in the United States, but limited data make it difficult to determine whether it is a problem in other countries. We investigated opioid analgesic misuse and abuse in participants from the Global Drug Survey 2015 resident in the United States (N = 1334), United Kingdom (N = 1199), France (N = 1258), Germany (N = 866), and Australia (N = 1013) who had used at least 1 prescription opioid analgesic medication in the past year. We also investigated the relationship with polysubstance use, one of the most consistent predictors of problematic opioid analgesic use. Data included misuse and abuse of codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and tramadol; ability to obtain a prescription; different sources for obtaining drugs; and past-year use of benzodiazepines and illicit drugs. In multilevel models, country of residence accounted for less than 3% of the variance in opioid analgesic misuse or abuse. Adjusting for country of residence and sociodemographic factors, use of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines was associated with 4-fold greater odds of misuse (odds ratio 4.36, 95% confidence interval 3.29-5.93) and 6-fold greater odds of abuse compared with not using either drug (odds ratio 6.49, 95% confidence interval 4.0-10.48), although the strength of the association with abuse varied by country. Misuse and abuse by those prescribed opioid analgesics seem to be a problem that is not limited to the United States and warrant attention on an international scale.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Subst Abuse
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Subst Abuse
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SAT
                Journal ID (hwp): spsat
                Title: Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2218
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 September 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1178221818802298
                Affiliations
                [1-1178221818802298]Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
                Author notes
                [*]Georgios Papazisis, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece. Email: papazisg@ 123456auth.gr
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-9095
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4337-7871
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_1178221818802298
                DOI: 10.1177/1178221818802298
                PMC ID: 6149012
                PubMed ID: 30262985
                SO-VID: 4b9d7c71-4232-43ec-a02a-a8674eb84fb2
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Date received : 16 August 2018
                Date accepted : 30 August 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Commentary
                Custom metadata
                cover-date January-December 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: medical students,prevalence,nonmedical use of prescription drugs,illicit drugs,cannabis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
                Keywords: medical students, prevalence, nonmedical use of prescription drugs, illicit drugs, cannabis

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