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      Th1 regulatory events by infectious pathogens, herpes zoster and herpes simplex viruses: prospects for therapeutic options for atopic eczema

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          Abstract

          Infections caused by viral and bacterial pathogens are typically perceived as harmful, such as in cases of herpes zoster and herpes simplex virus infections. However, clinical observation of an improvement in atopic skin lesions upon herpes virus infection has been noted, particularly at the site of varicella and Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption. Th1 immune cells and cytokines, mobilized and induced for protection against infectious pathogens, are expected to improve Th2 dominant atopic symptoms. This study focuses on Th1 immunoregulatory events mediated by infectious pathogens, particularly herpes viruses. Immunoregulatory events induced by herpes viruses may have a potential therapeutic value for treating atopic eczema.

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          Adverse drug reactions in special populations - the elderly.

          E Davies, M. S. O’mahony (2015)
          The International Conference on Harmonization considers older people a 'special population', as they differ from younger adults in terms of comorbidity, polypharmacy, pharmacokinetics and greater vulnerability to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Medical practice is often based on single disease guidelines derived from clinical trials that have not included frail older people or those with multiple morbidities. This presents a challenge caring for older people, as drug doses in trials may not be achievable in real world patients and risks of ADRs are underestimated in clinical trial populations. The majority of ADRs in older people are Type A, potentially avoidable and associated with commonly prescribed medications. Several ADRs are particularly associated with major adverse consequences in the elderly and their reduction is therefore a clinical priority. Falls are strongly associated with benzodiazepines, neuroleptics, antidepressants and antihypertensives. There is good evidence for medication review as part of a multifactorial intervention to reduce falls risk in community dwelling elderly. Multiple medications also contribute to delirium, another multifactorial syndrome resulting in excess mortality particularly in frail older people. Clostridium difficile associated with use of broad spectrum antibiotics mainly affects frail older people and results in prolonged hospital stay with substantial morbidity and mortality. Antipsychotics increase the risk of stroke by more than three-fold in patients with dementia. Inappropriate prescribing can be reduced by adherence to prescribing guidelines, suitable monitoring and regular medication review. Given the heterogeneity within the older population, providing individualized care is pivotal to preventing ADRs.
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            Interleukin‐13: Targeting an underestimated cytokine in atopic dermatitis

            Thomas Bieber (2020)
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              Molecular mechanisms of varicella zoster virus pathogenesis.

              A Arvin, Leigh Zerboni, Nandini Sen … (2014)
              Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of varicella (chickenpox) and zoster (shingles). Investigating VZV pathogenesis is challenging as VZV is a human-specific virus and infection does not occur, or is highly restricted, in other species. However, the use of human tissue xenografts in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) enables the analysis of VZV infection in differentiated human cells in their typical tissue microenvironment. Xenografts of human skin, dorsal root ganglia or foetal thymus that contains T cells can be infected with mutant viruses or in the presence of inhibitors of viral or cellular functions to assess the molecular mechanisms of VZV-host interactions. In this Review, we discuss how these models have improved our understanding of VZV pathogenesis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Postepy Dermatol Alergol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Postepy Dermatol Alergol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PDIA
                Title: Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postȩpy Dermatologii i Alergologii
                Publisher: Termedia Publishing House
                ISSN (Print): 1642-395X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2299-0046
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 September 2022
                Publication date (Print): August 2022
                Volume: 39
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 662-667
                Affiliations
                Division of Dermatology, Tsuruse Orthopaedic Clinic, Saitama, Japan
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Yasuhiro Horiuchi MD, Division of Dermatology, Tsuruse Orthopaedic Clinic, 201-11 Fujikubo, Miyoshi, Saitama, 354-0041, Japan. phone: +81-49-274-5252, fax: +81-49-257-1007. e-mail: tshoriuchi15@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 47673
                DOI: 10.5114/ada.2022.118920
                PMC ID: 9454353
                PubMed ID: 36090727
                SO-VID: 4b67b5d8-572a-4251-a8fb-a5e2aaacb262
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2022 Termedia Sp. z o. o.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

                History
                Date received : 12 November 2020
                Date accepted : 31 December 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review Paper

                Keywords: infectious pathogens,herpes zoster virus,herpes simplex virus,th1 response,atopic eczema
                Data availability:
                Keywords: infectious pathogens, herpes zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, th1 response, atopic eczema

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