Prevalence and risk factors for chronic pain following cesarean section: a prospective study

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Abstract

Background

Chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) remains a major clinical problem which may be associated with impaired activities of daily life and decreased health-related quality of life. Although cesarean section is one of the most commonly performed operations, chronic pain after cesarean delivery has not been well-studied. The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the incidence and risk factors of chronic pain at 3, 6 and 12 months after cesarean delivery.

Methods

We prospectively investigated preoperative demographic and psychological factors, intraoperative clinical factors, and acute postoperative pain in a cohort of 527 women undergoing cesarean section. The women were interviewed and completed pain questionnaires after 3, 6 and 12 months. Questions were about pain intensity, frequency, and location, as well as medical treatment and impact on daily living.

Results

The incidence of CPSP at 3, 6 and 12 months after cesarean section was 18.3 %, 11.3 % and 6.8 %, respectively. Most of the women with CPSP experienced mild pain at rest. The incidence of moderate and severe pain on movement was high at 3 month, and then has a significant decrease at 6 and 12 months. CPSP had a negative influence on the activities of daily living. Independent predictors of CPSP at 3 months included higher average pain intensity on movement within 24 h postoperatively, preoperative depression, and longer duration of surgery. At 6 months, more severe pain during movement within 24 h of surgery and preoperative depression were predictive of pain persistence. And 12 months after surgery, only higher average pain score on movement within 24 h following cesarean section was found to be significant associated with CPSP. The three models all showed moderate discrimination and good calibration for the prediction of CPSP at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively.

Conclusions

CPSP was not rare in women undergoing cesarean section. Patients with more intense of acute postoperative pain on movement, preoperative depression, and longer surgical time had greater risk for CPSP following surgery.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12871-016-0270-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Most cited references 34

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Severity of acute pain after childbirth, but not type of delivery, predicts persistent pain and postpartum depression.

H. Pan, Ruth Landau, Timothy Houle … (2008)

Cesarean delivery rates continue to increase, and surgery is associated with chronic pain, often co-existing with depression. Also, acute pain in the days after surgery is a strong predictor of chronic pain. Here we tested if mode of delivery or acute pain played a role in persistent pain and depression after childbirth. In this multicenter, prospective, longitudinal cohort study, 1288 women hospitalized for cesarean or vaginal delivery were enrolled. Data were obtained from patient interviews and medical record review within 36 h postpartum, then via telephone interviews 8 weeks later to assess persistent pain and postpartum depressive symptoms. The impact of delivery mode on acute postpartum pain, persistent pain and depressive symptoms and their interrelationships was assessed using regression analysis with propensity adjustment. The prevalence of severe acute pain within 36 h postpartum was 10.9%, while persistent pain and depression at 8 weeks postpartum were 9.8% and 11.2%, respectively. Severity of acute postpartum pain, but not mode of delivery, was independently related to the risk of persistent postpartum pain and depression. Women with severe acute postpartum pain had a 2.5-fold increased risk of persistent pain and a 3.0-fold increased risk of postpartum depression compared to those with mild postpartum pain. In summary, cesarean delivery does not increase the risk of persistent pain and postpartum depression. In contrast, the severity of the acute pain response to childbirth predicts persistent morbidity, suggesting the need to more carefully address pain treatment in the days following childbirth.

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Maternal anxiety during the transition to parenthood: a prospective study.

Kerry-Ann Grant, Catherine McMahon, Marie-Paule Austin (2008)

This prospective study used both self-report (STAI) and clinical diagnostic interview (MINI-Plus) to examine the course of maternal anxiety across the transition to parenthood. The study also assessed i) the validity of the STAI for antenatal use in an Australian sample and ii) the relative utility of the MINI-Plus and STAI scales as antenatal measures of risk for postnatal anxiety and mood disorders. Participants were 100 women recruited during routine antenatal assessment at a major obstetric hospital in Sydney. An antenatal screening instrument (ANRQ) identified half the sample as being at "high risk" for developing postnatal anxiety and/or depression. Participants completed the STAI during the third trimester of pregnancy and the MINI-Plus was administered during pregnancy and during the seventh postnatal month to assess anxiety and depression meeting DSM-IV criteria. The data indicated considerable stability in anxiety and depression from pregnancy through the postnatal period, as assessed by both diagnostic interview and maternal self-report. Antenatal anxiety meeting diagnostic criteria and antenatal trait anxiety exceeding a cut-off score of 40 on the STAI were both found to be significant predictors of postnatal anxiety and mood disorders (p-values<.05). Further analyses revealed that the measures were equivalent in their predictive utility. Finally, the STAI state and trait anxiety scales demonstrated a reasonable estimation of antenatal clinical state when tested against the MINI-Plus diagnostic interview during pregnancy. The findings from this study suggest that antenatal anxiety as assessed by either clinical interview or maternal self-report is an important predictor of postnatal anxiety and mood disorders. The validity of the STAI scales for use during pregnancy was also demonstrated for the first time in an Australian sample.

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Acute pain after thoracic surgery predicts long-term post-thoracotomy pain.

A Sandler, M. Jackson, P B Kavanagh … (1996)

Long-term pain is a common sequela of thoracotomy, occurring in approximately 50% of patients 2 years after thoracic surgery. Despite this alarming statistic, little is known about the factors responsible for the transition of acute to chronic pain. The aim of the present study is to identify predictors of long-term post-thoracotomy pain. Follow-up was for 1.5 years for patients who had participated in a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of preemptive, multimodal analgesia. Subjects were recruited from a tertiary care center. Thirty patients who had undergone lateral thoracotomy were followed up by telephone, administered a structured interview, and classified according to long-term pain status. Present pain status was measured by a verbal rating scale (VAS). Measures obtained within the first 48 h after surgery were compared between patients with and without pain 1.5 years later. These include VAS pain scores at rest and after movement, McGill Pain Questionnaire data, patient-controlled morphine consumption (mg), and pain thresholds to pressure applied to a rib contralateral to the thoracotomy incision. Fifty-two percent of patients reported long-term pain. Early postoperative pain was the only factor that significantly predicted long-term pain. Pain intensity 24 h after surgery, at rest, and after movement was significantly greater among patients who developed long-term pain compared with pain-free patients. A significant predictive relationship was also found at 24 and 48 h using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Cumulative morphine was comparable for the two groups. Pain thresholds to pressure applied to a rib contralateral to the incision did not differ significantly between the groups. Aggressive management of early postoperative pain may reduce the likelihood of long-term post-thoracotomy pain.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Juying Jin: juyingjin@hotmail.com

Lihua Peng: 377535247@qq.com

Qibin Chen: 403497559@qq.com

Dong Zhang: 848138113@qq.com

Li Ren: 459910606@qq.com

Peipei Qin: 453971761@qq.com

Su Min: 86-23-89011068 , ms1068@outlook.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Anesthesiol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Anesthesiol

Title: BMC Anesthesiology

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2253

Publication date (Electronic): 18 October 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 18 October 2016

Publication date Collection: 2016

Volume: 16

Electronic Location Identifier: 99

Affiliations

Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016 China

Article

Publisher ID: 270

DOI: 10.1186/s12871-016-0270-6

PMC ID: 5069795

PubMed ID: 27756207

SO-VID: 4b4d0505-3c78-4552-b0e5-9e756030c81c

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 22 May 2016

Date accepted : 12 October 2016

Funding

Funded by: Foundation of Chongqing Municipal Bureau of Health

Award ID: 2013-2-002

Award Recipient : Juying Jin

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Anesthesiology & Pain management

Keywords: chronic post-surgical pain,cesarean section,risk factors,postoperative pain

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Anesthesiology & Pain management

Keywords: chronic post-surgical pain, cesarean section, risk factors, postoperative pain

Prevalence and risk factors for chronic pain following cesarean section: a prospective study

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Most cited references 34

Severity of acute pain after childbirth, but not type of delivery, predicts persistent pain and postpartum depression.

Maternal anxiety during the transition to parenthood: a prospective study.

Acute pain after thoracic surgery predicts long-term post-thoracotomy pain.

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