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      Hollow carbon nanobubbles: monocrystalline MOF nanobubbles and their pyrolysis†

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          Abstract

          While bulk-sized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) face limits to their utilization in various research fields such as energy storage applications, nanoarchitectonics is believed to be a possible solution.

          Abstract

          While bulk-sized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) face limits to their utilization in various research fields such as energy storage applications, nanoarchitectonics is believed to be a possible solution. It is highly challenging to realize MOF nanobubbles with monocrystalline frameworks. By a spatially controlled etching approach, here, we can achieve the synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) nanobubbles with a uniform size of less than 100 nm. Interestingly, the ZIF-8 nanobubbles possess a monocrystalline nanoshell with a thickness of around 10 nm. Under optimal pyrolytic conditions, the ZIF-8 nanobubbles can be converted into hollow carbon nanobubbles while keeping their original shapes. The structure of the nanobubble enhances the fast Na +/K + ion intercalation performance. Such remarkable improvement cannot be realized by conventional MOFs or their derived carbons.

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          Carbon Electrodes for K-Ion Batteries.

          Zelang Jian, Wei Luo, Xiulei Ji (2015)
          We for the first time report electrochemical potassium insertion in graphite in a nonaqueous electrolyte, which can exhibit a high reversible capacity of 273 mAh/g. Ex situ XRD studies confirm that KC36, KC24, and KC8 sequentially form upon potassiation, whereas depotassiation recovers graphite through phase transformations in an opposite sequence. Graphite shows moderate rate capability and relatively fast capacity fading. To improve the performance of carbon K-ion anodes, we synthesized a nongraphitic soft carbon that exhibits cyclability and rate capability much superior to that of graphite. This work may open up a new paradigm toward rechargeable K-ion batteries.
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            Sodium ion insertion in hollow carbon nanowires for battery applications.

            Yuliang Cao, Lifen Xiao, Maria L Sushko … (2012)
            Hollow carbon nanowires (HCNWs) were prepared through pyrolyzation of a hollow polyaniline nanowire precursor. The HCNWs used as anode material for Na-ion batteries deliver a high reversible capacity of 251 mAh g(-1) and 82.2% capacity retention over 400 charge-discharge cycles between 1.2 and 0.01 V (vs Na(+)/Na) at a constant current of 50 mA g(-1) (0.2 C). Excellent cycling stability is also observed at an even higher charge-discharge rate. A high reversible capacity of 149 mAh g(-1) also can be obtained at a current rate of 500 mA g(-1) (2C). The good Na-ion insertion property is attributed to the short diffusion distance in the HCNWs and the large interlayer distance (0.37 nm) between the graphitic sheets, which agrees with the interlayered distance predicted by theoretical calculations to enable Na-ion insertion in carbon materials.
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              Expanded graphite as superior anode for sodium-ion batteries.

              Yang Wen, Kai He, Yujie Zhu … (2014)
              Graphite, as the most common anode for commercial Li-ion batteries, has been reported to have a very low capacity when used as a Na-ion battery anode. It is well known that electrochemical insertion of Na(+) into graphite is significantly hindered by the insufficient interlayer spacing. Here we report expanded graphite as a Na-ion battery anode. Prepared through a process of oxidation and partial reduction on graphite, expanded graphite has an enlarged interlayer lattice distance of 4.3 Å yet retains an analogous long-range-ordered layered structure to graphite. In situ transmission electron microscopy has demonstrated that the Na-ion can be reversibly inserted into and extracted from expanded graphite. Galvanostatic studies show that expanded graphite can deliver a high reversible capacity of 284 mAh g(-1) at a current density of 20 mA g(-1), maintain a capacity of 184 mAh g(-1) at 100 mA g(-1), and retain 73.92% of its capacity after 2,000 cycles.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Chem Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Chem Sci
                Title: Chemical Science
                Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
                ISSN (Print): 2041-6520
                ISSN (Electronic): 2041-6539
                Publication date (Print): 1 May 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 March 2017
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 3538-3546
                Affiliations
                [a ] School of Physics and Materials Science , State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy , East China Normal University , Shanghai , 200241 , China . Email: mhu@ 123456phy.ecnu.edu.cn
                [b ] International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , 305-0044 , Japan
                [c ] Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences , Kyoto University , Kyoto , 606-8501 , Japan
                [d ] Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM) , University of Wollongong , Squires Way , North Wollongong , NSW 2500 , Australia . Email: Yamauchi.Yusuke@ 123456nims.go.jp ; Email: yusuke@ 123456uow.edu.au
                [e ] Department of Chemical Engineering , Curtin University , Perth , WA 6845 , Australia . Email: jian.liu@ 123456curtin.edu.au
                Author notes

                ‡The two authors contributed equally.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5667-9118
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1751-9162
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-0404
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-927X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5024-5650
                Article
                Publisher ID: c6sc04903f
                DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04903f
                PMC ID: 5436298
                PubMed ID: 28580098
                SO-VID: 4b3ffd9a-1216-4554-9be6-62751856f5c8
                Copyright © This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 4 November 2016
                Date accepted : 26 February 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Chemistry

                Notes

                †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04903f


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