Biomarkers for Temporomandibular Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions

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Abstract

Numerous studies have been conducted in the previous years with an objective to determine the ideal biomarker or set of biomarkers in temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). It was recorded that tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-6, and IL-1 were the most common biomarkers of TMDs. As of recently, although the research on TMDs biomarkers still aims to find more diagnostic agents, no recent study employs the biomarker as a targeting point of pharmacotherapy to suppress the inflammatory responses. This article represents an explicit review on the biomarkers of TMDs that have been discovered so far and provides possible future directions towards further research on these biomarkers. The potential implementation of the interactions of TNF with its receptor 2 (TNFR2) in the inflammatory process has been interpreted, and thus, this review presents a new hypothesis towards suppression of the inflammatory response using TNFR2-agonist. Subsequently, this hypothesis could be explored as a potential pain elimination approach in patients with TMDs.

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The Role of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis

Piotr Wojdasiewicz, Łukasz Poniatowski, Dariusz Szukiewicz (2014)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic disease of human joints. The basis of pathologic changes involves all the tissues forming the joint; already, at an early stage, it has the nature of inflammation with varying degrees of severity. An analysis of the complex relationships indicates that the processes taking place inside the joint are not merely a set that (seemingly) only includes catabolic effects. Apart from them, anti-inflammatory anabolic processes also occur continually. These phenomena are driven by various mediators, of which the key role is attributed to the interactions within the cytokine network. The most important group controlling the disease seems to be inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 β , TNF α , IL-6, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18. The second group with antagonistic effect is formed by cytokines known as anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of OA with respect to inter- and intracellular signaling pathways is still under investigation. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge. The cytokine network in OA is put in the context of cells involved in this degenerative joint disease. The possibilities for further implementation of new therapeutic strategies in OA are also pointed.

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Cytokines in atherosclerosis: pathogenic and regulatory pathways.

Alain Tedgui, Ziad Mallat (2006)

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of atherosclerosis. It is implicated in the formation of early fatty streaks, when the endothelium is activated and expresses chemokines and adhesion molecules leading to monocyte/lymphocyte recruitment and infiltration into the subendothelium. It also acts at the onset of adverse clinical vascular events, when activated cells within the plaque secrete matrix proteases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins and weaken the fibrous cap, leading to rupture and thrombus formation. Cells involved in the atherosclerotic process secrete and are activated by soluble factors, known as cytokines. Important recent advances in the comprehension of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis provided evidence that the immunoinflammatory response in atherosclerosis is modulated by regulatory pathways, in which the two anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta play a critical role. The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the role of cytokines in the development, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis. Specific emphasis is placed on the contribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to pathogenic (innate and adaptive) and regulatory immunity in the context of atherosclerosis. Based on our current knowledge of the role of cytokines in atherosclerosis, we propose some novel therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. In addition, we discuss the potential of circulating cytokine levels as biomarkers of coronary artery disease.

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Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation.

C A Feghali, T. Wright (1997)

Inflammation is mediated by a variety of soluble factors, including a group of secreted polypeptides known as cytokines. Inflammatory cytokines can be divided into two groups: those involved in acute inflammation and those responsible for chronic inflammation. This review describes the role played in acute inflammation by IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-11, IL-8 and other chemokines, G-CSF, and GM-CSF. It also describes the involvement of cytokines in chronic inflammation. This latter group can be subdivided into cytokines mediating humoral responses such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, and IL-13, and those mediating cellular responses such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, interferons, transforming growth factor-beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha and beta. Some cytokines, such as IL-1, significantly contribute to both acute and chronic inflammation. This review also summarizes features of the cell-surface receptors that mediate the inflammatory effects of the described cytokines.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Diagnostics (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Diagnostics (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): diagnostics

Title: Diagnostics

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2075-4418

Publication date (Electronic): 15 May 2020

Publication date Collection: May 2020

Volume: 10

Issue: 5

Electronic Location Identifier: 303

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; dr.zwiri@ 123456gmail.com (A.Z.); wmamir@ 123456usm.my (W.M.A.W.A.); jawaad@ 123456usm.my (J.A.A.); adamkck@ 123456usm.my (A.H.)

[2 ]Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; m7md.7tml@ 123456gmail.com

[3 ]Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia

[4 ]Department of Oral Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; suanphaik_khoo@ 123456imu.edu.my

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: zuryati@ 123456usm.my (Z.A.-G.); karyatee@ 123456usm.my (N.K.K.)

Author information

Abdalwhab Zwiri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6951-5163

Mohammad A. I. Al-Hatamleh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-9519

Wan Muhamad Amir W. Ahmad https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2366-3918

Zuryati Ab-Ghani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7923-9414

Article

Publisher ID: diagnostics-10-00303

DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050303

PMC ID: 7277983

PubMed ID: 32429070

SO-VID: 4b2d00eb-3471-4b90-9a17-218b5f780f54

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 19 April 2020

Date accepted : 08 May 2020

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Biomarkers for Temporomandibular Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions

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New directions in predictive processing

Most cited references 112

The Role of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis

Cytokines in atherosclerosis: pathogenic and regulatory pathways.

Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation.

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