Review of the semiclassical formalism for multiparticle production at
  high energies

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Abstract

These notes provide a comprehensive review of the semiclassical approach for calculating multiparticle production rates for initial states with few particles at very high energies. In this work we concentrate on a scalar field theory with a mass gap. Specifically, we look at a weakly-coupled theory in the high-energy limit, where the number of particles in the final state scales with energy, \(n\sim E\to \infty\), and the coupling \(\lambda\to 0\) with \(n \lambda\) held fixed. In this regime, the semiclasical approach allows us to calculate multiparticle rates non-perturbatively.

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Non-Perturbative Production of Multi-Boson States and Quantum Bubbles

M. B. Voloshin, A. Gorsky (1993)

The amplitude of production of \(n\) on-mass-shell scalar bosons by a highly virtual field \(\phi\) is considered in a \(\lambda \phi^4\) theory with weak coupling \(\lambda\) and spontaneously broken symmetry. The amplitude of this process is known to have an \(n!\) growth when the produced bosons are exactly at rest. Here it is shown that for \(n \gg 1/\lambda\) the process goes through `quantum bubbles', i.e. quantized droplets of a different vacuum phase, which are non-perturbative resonant states of the field \(\phi\). The bubbles provide a form factor for the production amplitude, which rapidly decreases above the threshold. As a result the probability of the process may be heavily suppressed and may decrease with energy \(E\) as \(\exp (-const \cdot E^a)\), where the power \(a\) depends on the number of space dimensions. Also discussed are the quantized states of bubbles and the amplitudes of their formation and decay.