A Putative Plasma Membrane Na ⁺/H ⁺ Antiporter GmSOS1 Is Critical for Salt Stress Tolerance in Glycine max

Soybean ( Glycine max) is a staple crop and a major source of vegetable protein and vegetable oil. The growth of soybean is dramatically inhibited by salt stress, especially by the excessive toxic Na ⁺. Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) is the only extensively characterized Na ⁺ efflux transporter in multiple plant species so far. However, the role of GmSOS1 in soybean salt stress responses remains unclear. Herein, we created three gmsos1 mutants using the CRISPR-Cas9 system in soybean. We found a significant accumulation of Na ⁺ in the roots of the gmsos1 mutants, resulting in the imbalance of Na ⁺ and K ⁺, which links to impaired Na ⁺ efflux and increased K ⁺ efflux in the roots of the gmsos1 mutants under salt stress. Compared to the wild type, our RNA-seq analysis revealed that the roots of the gmsos1-1 showed preferential up and downregulation of ion transporters under salt stress, supporting impaired stress detection or an inability to develop a comprehensive response to salinity in the gmsos1 mutants. Our findings indicate that the plasma membrane Na ⁺/H ⁺ exchanger GmSOS1 plays a critical role in soybean salt tolerance by maintaining Na ⁺ homeostasis and provides evidence for molecular breeding to improve salt tolerance in soybean and other crops.