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      Tissue macrophages: heterogeneity and functions

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , , 3
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: BMC Biology
      Publisher: BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          Macrophages are present in all vertebrate tissues, from mid-gestation throughout life, constituting a widely dispersed organ system. They promote homeostasis by responding to internal and external changes within the body, not only as phagocytes in defence against microbes and in clearance of dead and senescent cells, but also through trophic, regulatory and repair functions. In this review, we describe macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity in different tissue environments, drawing particular attention to organ-specific functions.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0392-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Tissue-Resident Macrophage Ontogeny and Homeostasis.

          Florent Ginhoux, Martin Guilliams (2016)
          Defining the origins and developmental pathways of tissue-resident macrophages should help refine our understanding of the role of these cells in various disease settings and enable the design of novel macrophage-targeted therapies. In recent years the long-held belief that macrophage populations in the adult are continuously replenished by monocytes from the bone marrow (BM) has been overturned with the advent of new techniques to dissect cellular ontogeny. The new paradigm suggests that several tissue-resident macrophage populations are seeded during waves of embryonic hematopoiesis and self-maintain independently of BM contribution during adulthood. However, the exact nature of the embryonic progenitors that give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages is still debated, and the mechanisms enabling macrophage population maintenance in the adult are undefined. Here, we review the emergence of these concepts and discuss current controversies and future directions in macrophage biology.
          Article 0 comments Cited 709 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Macrophage receptors and immune recognition.

            P R Taylor, L. Martinez-Pomares, M Stacey … (2005)
            Macrophages express a broad range of plasma membrane receptors that mediate their interactions with natural and altered-self components of the host as well as a range of microorganisms. Recognition is followed by surface changes, uptake, signaling, and altered gene expression, contributing to homeostasis, host defense, innate effector mechanisms, and the induction of acquired immunity. This review covers recent studies of selected families of structurally defined molecules, studies that have improved understanding of ligand discrimination in the absence of opsonins and differential responses by macrophages and related myeloid cells.
            Article 0 comments Cited 311 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Deciphering the transcriptional network of the DC lineage

              Jennifer Miller, Brian D Brown, Tal Shay … (2012)
              Although, much progress has been made in our understanding of DC ontogeny and function, the transcriptional regulation of DC lineage commitment and functional specialization in vivo is poorly understood. We performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of CD8+, CD103+, CD11b+, and plasmacytoid DC subsets and the recently identified Macrophage DC precursors and Common DC precursors across the entire immune system. Here we characterize candidate transcriptional activators involved in myeloid progenitor commitment to the DC lineage and predicted regulators of DC functional diversity in tissues. We identify a molecular signature that distinguishes tissue DC from macrophages. We also identify a transcriptional program expressed specifically during steady-state tissue DC migration to the draining lymph nodes that may control tolerance to self-tissue antigens.
              Article 0 comments Cited 299 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Siamon Gordon:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-3624
                Siamon.gordon@path.ox.ac.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Biol
                Title: BMC Biology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-7007
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 June 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 June 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 53
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.145695.a, , Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, ; Taoyuan City, 33302 Taiwan
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, , Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, ; South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE UK
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, , Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, ; Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-3624
                Article
                Publisher ID: 392
                DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0392-4
                PMC ID: 5492929
                PubMed ID: 28662662
                SO-VID: 49d1df7f-09b2-406d-8474-21240cd3da2a
                Copyright © © Gordon et al. 2017
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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                Subject: Review
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences

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