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      Effect of Immediate vs Gradual Reduction in Nicotine Content of Cigarettes on Biomarkers of Smoke Exposure : A Randomized Clinical Trial

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          Abstract

          The optimal temporal approach for reducing nicotine to minimally or nonaddictive levels in all cigarettes sold in the United States has not been determined.

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          Most cited references38

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          The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population

          L Radloff (1977)
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            A Global Measure of Perceived Stress

            Sheldon Cohen, Tom Kamarck, Robin Mermelstein (1983)
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              Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.

              David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, Auke Tellegen (1988)
              In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
              Article 0 comments Cited 3290 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: JAMA
                Abbreviated Title: JAMA
                Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
                ISSN (Print): 0098-7484
                Publication date Created: September 04 2018
                Publication date (Print): September 04 2018
                Volume: 320
                Issue: 9
                Page: 880
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
                [2 ]Behavioral Medicine Laboratories, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth
                [3 ]Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
                [4 ]Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
                [5 ]Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
                [6 ]Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
                [7 ]Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
                [8 ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
                [9 ]Oregon Research Institute, Eugene
                [10 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
                [11 ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
                [12 ]Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
                [13 ]Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
                Article
                DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.11473
                PMC ID: 6372240
                PubMed ID: 30193275
                SO-VID: 49c0e946-ed43-453f-9122-925cece2da14
                Copyright © © 2018
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