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      Impacts of climate variability and future climate change on harmful algal blooms and human health

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      Author(s): 1 , 2 , , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Environmental Health
      Publisher: BioMed Central
      Conference name: Centers for Oceans and Human Health Investigators Meeting
      Conference date: 24–27 April 2007

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          Abstract

          Anthropogenically-derived increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have been implicated in recent climate change, and are projected to substantially impact the climate on a global scale in the future. For marine and freshwater systems, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are expected to increase surface temperatures, lower pH, and cause changes to vertical mixing, upwelling, precipitation, and evaporation patterns. The potential consequences of these changes for harmful algal blooms (HABs) have received relatively little attention and are not well understood. Given the apparent increase in HABs around the world and the potential for greater problems as a result of climate change and ocean acidification, substantial research is needed to evaluate the direct and indirect associations between HABs, climate change, ocean acidification, and human health. This research will require a multidisciplinary approach utilizing expertise in climatology, oceanography, biology, epidemiology, and other disciplines. We review the interactions between selected patterns of large-scale climate variability and climate change, oceanic conditions, and harmful algae.

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          Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions.

          T. P. Barnett, J. C. Adam, D. P. Lettenmaier (2005)
          All currently available climate models predict a near-surface warming trend under the influence of rising levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In addition to the direct effects on climate--for example, on the frequency of heatwaves--this increase in surface temperatures has important consequences for the hydrological cycle, particularly in regions where water supply is currently dominated by melting snow or ice. In a warmer world, less winter precipitation falls as snow and the melting of winter snow occurs earlier in spring. Even without any changes in precipitation intensity, both of these effects lead to a shift in peak river runoff to winter and early spring, away from summer and autumn when demand is highest. Where storage capacities are not sufficient, much of the winter runoff will immediately be lost to the oceans. With more than one-sixth of the Earth's population relying on glaciers and seasonal snow packs for their water supply, the consequences of these hydrological changes for future water availability--predicted with high confidence and already diagnosed in some regions--are likely to be severe.
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            Impact of regional climate change on human health.

            Jonathan A. Patz, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Tracey Holloway … (2005)
            The World Health Organisation estimates that the warming and precipitation trends due to anthropogenic climate change of the past 30 years already claim over 150,000 lives annually. Many prevalent human diseases are linked to climate fluctuations, from cardiovascular mortality and respiratory illnesses due to heatwaves, to altered transmission of infectious diseases and malnutrition from crop failures. Uncertainty remains in attributing the expansion or resurgence of diseases to climate change, owing to lack of long-term, high-quality data sets as well as the large influence of socio-economic factors and changes in immunity and drug resistance. Here we review the growing evidence that climate-health relationships pose increasing health risks under future projections of climate change and that the warming trend over recent decades has already contributed to increased morbidity and mortality in many regions of the world. Potentially vulnerable regions include the temperate latitudes, which are projected to warm disproportionately, the regions around the Pacific and Indian oceans that are currently subjected to large rainfall variability due to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation sub-Saharan Africa and sprawling cities where the urban heat island effect could intensify extreme climatic events.
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              Climate change and human health: present and future risks.

              Anthony J McMichael, Rosalie Woodruff, Simon Hales (2006)
              There is near unanimous scientific consensus that greenhouse gas emissions generated by human activity will change Earth's climate. The recent (globally averaged) warming by 0.5 degrees C is partly attributable to such anthropogenic emissions. Climate change will affect human health in many ways-mostly adversely. Here, we summarise the epidemiological evidence of how climate variations and trends affect various health outcomes. We assess the little evidence there is that recent global warming has already affected some health outcomes. We review the published estimates of future health effects of climate change over coming decades. Research so far has mostly focused on thermal stress, extreme weather events, and infectious diseases, with some attention to estimates of future regional food yields and hunger prevalence. An emerging broader approach addresses a wider spectrum of health risks due to the social, demographic, and economic disruptions of climate change. Evidence and anticipation of adverse health effects will strengthen the case for pre-emptive policies, and will also guide priorities for planned adaptive strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Conference
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Health
                Title: Environmental Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1476-069X
                Publication date Collection: 2008
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 November 2008
                Volume: 7
                Issue: Suppl 2
                Page: S4
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 355351, Seattle, Washington 98195-5351, USA
                [2 ]NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112-2013, USA
                [3 ]Climate Impacts Group and School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020, USA
                [4 ]Pacific Northwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies, University of Washington, Box 357940, Seattle, Washington 98195-7940, USA
                [5 ]School of the Coast and Environment, 1002 K Energy, Coast and Environment Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-4110, USA
                [6 ]National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE MS F-46, Chamblee, Georgia 30341-3717, USA
                [7 ]Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Department of Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami School of Medicine and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, Florida 33136-2107, USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1476-069X-7-S2-S4
                DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-7-S2-S4
                PMC ID: 2586717
                PubMed ID: 19025675
                SO-VID: 499edb37-b65b-4191-b84e-53a51322a18d
                Copyright © Copyright © 2008 Moore et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                Conference name: Centers for Oceans and Human Health Investigators Meeting
                Conference location: Woods Hole, MA, USA
                Conference date: 24–27 April 2007
                History
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                Subject: Proceedings

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health

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