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      International Tables of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values: 2008

      research-article
      , RD, , RD, , PHD
      Diabetes Care
      American Diabetes Association

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE—To systematically tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable glycemic index (GI) values.

          RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A literature search identified 205 articles published between 1981 and 2007. Unpublished data were also included where the data quality could be verified. The data were separated into two lists: the first representing more precise data derived from testing healthy subjects and the second primarily from individuals with impaired glucose metabolism.

          RESULTS—The tables, which are available in the online-only appendix, list the GI of over 2,480 individual food items. Dairy products, legumes, and fruits were found to have a low GI. Breads, breakfast cereals, and rice, including whole grain, were available in both high and low GI versions. The correlation coefficient for 20 staple foods tested in both healthy and diabetic subjects was r = 0.94 ( P < 0.001).

          CONCLUSIONS—These tables improve the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice.

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          Most cited references9

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          Dietary carbohydrate (amount and type) in the prevention and management of diabetes: a statement by the american diabetes association.

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            FAO/WHO scientific update on carbohydrates in human nutrition: conclusions.

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              Dietary patterns matter: diet beverages and cardiometabolic risks in the longitudinal Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

              Although diet beverages are typically consumed to promote weight control, positive associations with increased cardiometabolic risk have been reported. The objective was to examine the joint and independent association between dietary pattern and diet beverage consumption with 20-y cardiometabolic risk. We analyzed a prospective 20-y cohort of young adults from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. With the use of cluster analysis, we identified 2 baseline (year 0) dietary patterns [Prudent (higher intakes of fruit, whole grains, milk, and nuts and seeds; n = 1778) and Western (higher intakes of fast food, meat and poultry, pizza, and snacks; n = 2383)] and examined the interaction with diet beverage consumption (Consumers compared with Nonconsumers) by using proportional hazards regression models. Among Consumers, 66% were classified as having a Prudent diet. In fully adjusted models, being a Nonconsumer with a Prudent diet was independently associated with a lower risk of the metabolic syndrome through year 20. Lower risk in the Prudent than in the Western dietary pattern was maintained after stratification by diet beverage consumption: Prudent Nonconsumers had the lowest risk of high waist circumference (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.97), high triglycerides (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.93), and the metabolic syndrome (HR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.82) compared with Western Consumers. Our results suggest that both overall dietary pattern and diet beverage consumption are important, to various degrees, for different metabolic outcomes. This covariation and interaction may partially explain differences in the relation between diet beverage consumption and cardiometabolic health observed in previous studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Diabetes Care
                diacare
                Diabetes Care
                American Diabetes Association
                0149-5992
                1935-5548
                December 2008
                : 31
                : 12
                : 2281-2283
                Affiliations
                [1]From the Institute of Obesity, Nutrition and Exercise, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
                Author notes

                Corresponding author: J. Brand-Miller, j.brandmiller@ 123456usyd.edu.au

                Article
                31122281
                10.2337/dc08-1239
                2584181
                18835944
                494c27c3-c903-4fda-9587-483c045d6c6d
                Copyright © 2008, American Diabetes Association

                Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details.

                History
                : 8 July 2008
                : 13 September 2008
                Categories
                Clinical Care/Education/Nutrition/Psychosocial Research

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Endocrinology & Diabetes

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