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      Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improves emotion regulation in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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          Abstract

          Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) typically exhibit difficulties in emotion regulation. It has been shown that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) are crucially involved in these deficient processes. In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of electrical stimulation over the left dlPFC and right vmPFC on emotion regulation in children with ADHD. Twenty-four children with ADHD completed the Emotional Go/No-Go and Emotional 1-Back tasks while undergoing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in three separate sessions, each with a different electrode placement: anodal dlPFC (F3)/cathodal vmPFC (Fp2), anodal vmPFC (Fp2)/cathodal dlPFC (F3), and sham stimulation. During both real tDCS conditions, the accuracy of pre-potent inhibitory control and working memory performance improved, but not speed. This study provides evidence that the left dlPFC and the right vmPFC are involved in emotion regulation in ADHD.

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          Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation.

          M A Nitsche, W. Paulus (2000)
          In this paper we demonstrate in the intact human the possibility of a non-invasive modulation of motor cortex excitability by the application of weak direct current through the scalp. Excitability changes of up to 40 %, revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation, were accomplished and lasted for several minutes after the end of current stimulation. Excitation could be achieved selectively by anodal stimulation, and inhibition by cathodal stimulation. By varying the current intensity and duration, the strength and duration of the after-effects could be controlled. The effects were probably induced by modification of membrane polarisation. Functional alterations related to post-tetanic potentiation, short-term potentiation and processes similar to postexcitatory central inhibition are the likely candidates for the excitability changes after the end of stimulation. Transcranial electrical stimulation using weak current may thus be a promising tool to modulate cerebral excitability in a non-invasive, painless, reversible, selective and focal way.
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            Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions.

            Tara A. Niendam, Angela R Laird, Kimberly Ray … (2012)
            Classic cognitive theory conceptualizes executive functions as involving multiple specific domains, including initiation, inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and vigilance. Lesion and neuroimaging experiments over the past two decades have suggested that both common and unique processes contribute to executive functions during higher cognition. It has been suggested that a superordinate fronto-cingulo-parietal network supporting cognitive control may also underlie a range of distinct executive functions. To test this hypothesis in the largest sample to date, we used quantitative meta-analytic methods to analyze 193 functional neuroimaging studies of 2,832 healthy individuals, ages 18-60, in which performance on executive function measures was contrasted with an active control condition. A common pattern of activation was observed in the prefrontal, dorsal anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices across executive function domains, supporting the idea that executive functions are supported by a superordinate cognitive control network. However, domain-specific analyses showed some variation in the recruitment of anterior prefrontal cortex, anterior and midcingulate regions, and unique subcortical regions such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum. These results are consistent with the existence of a superordinate cognitive control network in the brain, involving dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices, that supports a broad range of executive functions.
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              Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis.

              Viktória Simon, Pál Czobor, Sára Bálint … (2009)
              In spite of the growing literature about adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), relatively little is known about the prevalence and correlates of this disorder. To estimate the prevalence of adult ADHD and to identify its demographic correlates using meta-regression analysis. We used the MEDLINE, PsycLit and EMBASE databases as well as hand-searching to find relevant publications. The pooled prevalence of adult ADHD was 2.5% (95% CI 2.1-3.1). Gender and mean age, interacting with each other, were significantly related to prevalence of ADHD. Meta-regression analysis indicated that the proportion of participants with ADHD decreased with age when men and women were equally represented in the sample. Prevalence of ADHD in adults declines with age in the general population. We think, however, that the unclear validity of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for this condition can lead to reduced prevalence rates by underestimation of the prevalence of adult ADHD.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Vahid Nejati: nejati@sbu.ac.ir
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 June 2024
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 June 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 13889
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, ( https://ror.org/0091vmj44) Tehran, Iran
                [2 ]Department of Psychiatry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ( https://ror.org/034m2b326) Tehran, Iran
                [3 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran
                [4 ]Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ( https://ror.org/034m2b326) Tehran, Iran
                Article
                Publisher ID: 64886
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64886-9
                PMC ID: 11180663
                PubMed ID: 38880826
                SO-VID: 4947aa43-508d-4af3-8866-2b7ae4780a99
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2024
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 27 January 2024
                Date accepted : 13 June 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Nature Limited 2024

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs),emotion regulation,children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd),neuronal development,paediatric research
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs), emotion regulation, children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd), neuronal development, paediatric research

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