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      Physiological characteristics of pure cultures of a white-colored truffle Tuber japonicum

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          Abstract

          A white-colored truffle Tuber japonicum, indigenous to Japan, is an ascomycetous ectomycorrhizal fungus. To clarify the physiological characteristics of this fungus, we investigated the influence of culture medium, temperature, and sources of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) on the growth of five strains. Tuber japonicum strains grew better on malt extract and modified Melin-Norkrans medium, and showed peak growth at 20 °C or 25 °C. This fungus utilized inorganic (NH 4 + and NO 3 −) and organic N sources (casamino acids, glutamine, peptone, urea, and yeast extract). Additionally, this fungus utilized various C sources, such as monosaccharide (arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, and mannose), disaccharide (maltose, sucrose, and trehalose), polysaccharide (dextrin and soluble starch), and sugar alcohol (mannitol). However, nutrient sources that promote growth and their effects on growth promotion widely varied among strains. This can result from the strain difference in enzyme activities involved in the assimilation and metabolism of these sources.

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          The influence of ectotrophic ectomycorrhizal fungi on the resistance of pine roots to pathogen infections. I. Antagonism of mycorrhizal fungi to root pathogenic fungi and soil bacteria

          DH Marx, D. H. Marx,, D.H. Marx, … (1969)
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            Phylogeny and diversity of Japanese truffles (Tuber spp.) inferred from sequences of four nuclear loci.

            Akihiko Kinoshita, Hiromi Sasaki, Kazuhide Nara (2011)
            The genus Tuber, which includes some highly valued truffles, comprises ascomycetous ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with ecologically important tree species. Although the genus is distributed over northern temperate regions, we know little about the phylogeny and diversity of Tuber species in Japan. We have collected 186 new Tuber ascoma samples in Japan over a 10 y period. The identities and phylogenies of the samples were analyzed with sequences of four nuclear loci (i.e. internal transcribed spacer [ITS] and large subunit [LSU] regions of rDNA, elongation factor 1 alpha [EF1-α], and RNA polymerase II large subunit [rpb2] genes). Based on the species delimitation of 95% sequence matches in the ITS region, which is a suitable region for species-level identification of higher fungi, we identified 20 Tuber species. The number of observed species did not reach an asymptote with our maximum sampling localities in a species accumulation curve. The Chao2 species richness estimator indicated that at least 40 Tuber species should be present in Japan. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that Japanese Tuber species belong to five major phylogroups, including Macrosporum, which had not been reported previously in Asia. Two Japanese species were morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from other known phylogroups, and here we propose a new Tuber phylogroup, Japonicum. In addition most of the other Japanese species formed separate clades within individual major phylogroups and deserve to be proposed as new species. Detailed molecular phylogeny within individual phylogroups revealed the existence of phylogeographic structures at both continental and within-Asia scales, indicating that migration and allopatric speciation have occurred even between the mainland and islands in Asia. Although our findings substantially advance current understanding of Tuber diversity and phylogeny, comparable richness estimation and multilocus phylogeny in other geographic regions are necessary to unequivocally address global patterns of Tuber diversity and biogeography.
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              Genomic profiling of carbohydrate metabolism in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber melanosporum.

              Thomas Martin, P Ceccaroli, M Buffalini … (2011)
              • Primary carbohydrate metabolism plays a special role related to carbon/nitrogen exchange, as well as metabolic support of fruiting body development, in ectomycorrhizal macrofungi. In this study, we used information retrieved from the recently sequenced Tuber melanosporum genome, together with transcriptome analysis data and targeted validation experiments, to construct the first genome-wide catalogue of the proteins supporting carbohydrate metabolism in a plant-symbiotic ascomycete. • More than 100 genes coding for enzymes of the glycolysis, pentose phosphate, tricarboxylic acid, glyoxylate and methylcitrate pathways, glycogen, trehalose and mannitol metabolism and cell wall precursor were annotated. Transcriptional regulation of these pathways in different stages of the T. melanosporum lifecycle was investigated using whole-genome oligoarray expression data together with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of selected genes. • The most significant results were the identification of methylcitrate cycle genes and of an acid invertase, the first enzyme of this kind to be described in a plant-symbiotic filamentous fungus. • A subset of transcripts coding for trehalose, glyoxylate and methylcitrate enzymes was up-regulated in fruiting bodies, whereas genes involved in mannitol and glycogen metabolism were preferentially expressed in mycelia and ectomycorrhizas, respectively. These data indicate a high degree of lifecycle stage specialization for particular branches of carbohydrate metabolism in T. melanosporum. © 2010 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2010 New Phytologist Trust.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Shota Nakano: shota.nakano12@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mycoscience
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mycoscience
                Journal ID (publisher-id): mycosci
                Title: Mycoscience
                Publisher: The Mycological Society of Japan (Tokyo, JAPAN )
                ISSN (Print): 1340-3540
                ISSN (Electronic): 1618-2545
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 20 March 2022
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2022
                Volume: 63
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 53-57
                Affiliations
                [a] a Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
                [b] b Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
                [c] c Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
                [d] d Mushroom Research Laboratory, Hokuto Corporation
                Author notes
                *Corresponding author: Mushroom Research Laboratory, Hokuto Corporation, 800-8 Shimokomazawa, Nagano, Nagano 381-0008, Japan E-mail address: shota.nakano12@ 123456gmail.com (S. Nakano).
                Article
                Publisher-manuscript ID: mycosci.2022.01.002
                DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2022.01.002
                PMC ID: 9999085
                SO-VID: 49002cf2-07a9-4740-b46e-57b35ba79c0a
                Copyright © 2022, by The Mycological Society of Japan
                License:

                This is an open-access paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative 4.0 international license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 4 October 2021
                Date revision received : 12 January 2022
                Date accepted : 13 January 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: grant from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan entitled, “Technology development for the optimal use of forest resources.”
                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication

                Keywords: carbon,culture medium,nitrogen,strain-specific variation,temperature
                Data availability:
                Keywords: carbon, culture medium, nitrogen, strain-specific variation, temperature

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