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      Caracterización clínico genética del síndrome Prader Willi Translated title: Clinic genetic characterization of Prader-Willi syndrome

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          Abstract

          Introducción: el síndrome Prader Willi es un desorden genético causado por la pérdida de genes contenidos en la región 15q11-q13 del cromosoma paterno. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y genéticas de los pacientes con síndrome Prader Willi. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con el universo de 15 pacientes con sospecha de síndrome Prader Willi remitidos a consulta provincial de Genética Clínica durante el año 2013. Se consideraron como variables clínicas los criterios diagnósticos según Holms, y como variables genéticas los resultados de los estudios cromosómicos y moleculares. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino en un 66.7%. Las edades estuvieron entre los tres y los 41 años. Los criterios mayores más frecuentes resultaron la obesidad troncular y el retraso del neurodesarrollo en el 100% de los pacientes. Los criterios menores más identificados fueron los disturbios del sueño y las dificultades del lenguaje con un 66.7% cada uno. En ninguno de los casos se detectaron anomalías cromosómicas por cariotipificación. Tres pacientes (60%) presentaron la deleción a nivel de la región 15q11-q13 identificada por la técnica de hibridación in sito con fluorescencia. Conclusiones: la definición del diagnóstico en la provincia resulta demorada. Se requiere de reevaluación según los criterios clínicos en las diferentes etapas de la vida para diagnóstico de certeza. La presencia de hipotonía neonatal y dificultades en la alimentación son elementos asociados al diagnóstico por deleción 15q11-q13.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by deleted or unexpressed genes contained in 15q11-q13 region of paternal chromosome. Objective: to describe clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. Material and method: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 15 patients with Prader-Willi suspect, who were referred to the provincial office of Clinical Genetics during 2013. As clinical variables the diagnostic criteria of Holms were considered and as genetic variables, the results of chromosomal and molecular studies. Results: female sex prevailed in 66.7%. Ages were between 3 and 41. Most frequent major criteria were troncular obesity and neurodevelopment retardation in 100% of the patients. The minor criteria more identified were: sleep disturbances and speech difficulties (66.7% each one). None of the cases presented chromosomal anomalies because of karyotype classification. Three patients (60%) presented deletion at 15q11-q13 region level, which was identified by hybridization in situ with fluorescence. Conclusions: in the province a definitive diagnosis was delayed. A reassessment is required according to the clinical criteria during the different stages of life in order to achieve a definitive diagnosis. The presence of neonatal hypotonia and difficulties in feeding are associated elements to the diagnosis of 15q11-q13 deletion.

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          Endocrine manifestations and management of Prader-Willi syndrome

          Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder, caused by lack of expression of genes on the paternally inherited chromosome 15q11.2-q13. In infancy it is characterized by hypotonia with poor suck resulting in failure to thrive. As the child ages, other manifestations such as developmental delay, cognitive disability, and behavior problems become evident. Hypothalamic dysfunction has been implicated in many manifestations of this syndrome including hyperphagia, temperature instability, high pain threshold, sleep disordered breathing, and multiple endocrine abnormalities. These include growth hormone deficiency, central adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, and complications of obesity such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes the recent literature investigating optimal screening and treatment of endocrine abnormalities associated with PWS, and provides an update on nutrition and food-related behavioral intervention. The standard of care regarding growth hormone therapy and surveillance for potential side effects, the potential for central adrenal insufficiency, evaluation for and treatment of hypogonadism in males and females, and the prevalence and screening recommendations for hypothyroidism and diabetes are covered in detail. PWS is a genetic syndrome in which early diagnosis and careful attention to detail regarding all the potential endocrine and behavioral manifestations can lead to a significant improvement in health and developmental outcomes. Thus, the important role of the provider caring for the child with PWS cannot be overstated.
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            Psychiatric Illness and Intellectual Disability in the Prader–Willi Syndrome with Different Molecular Defects - A Meta Analysis

            Background and Objectives Several studies have suggested a difference in clinical features of intellectual ability and psychiatric illness in the Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) with the 15q11-q13 paternal deletion and maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD). Our objective was to appraise evidence on this association through a meta-analysis. Methods The electronic records PubMed and EMBASE from 1956 to 2012 were extracted for meta-analysis. Meta-analyses were performed by using fixed effect model. Mean difference, odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval were calculated. Results We retrieved a total of 744 PWS cases from 13 studies. These include 423 cases with paternal 15q11-q13 deletions and 318 cases of mUPD. Compare to the PWS cases with mUPD, PWS patients with the paternal 15q11-q13 deletion associated with significantly lower full scale IQ (FSIQ) [mean difference (MD), -2.69; 95%CI, -4.86 to -0.52; p=0.02] and verbal IQ (VIQ) (MD, -7.5; 95%CI, -9.75 to -5.26; p<0.00001) but higher performance IQ (PIQ) (MD, 4.02; 95%CI, 1.13 to 6.91; p=0.006). In contrast, PWS patients with mUPD are associated with significantly higher risk of psychiatric illness [odds rate (OR), 0.14; 95%CI, 0.08 to 0.23; p<0.00001] and higher risk of bipolar disorder (OR, 0.04; 95%CI, 0.01 to 0.23; p=0.0002). Conclusions Significant different clinical features of cognitive development and psychiatric illness are associated with PWS with different molecular defects. These findings provide support for evidence based practice to evaluate and manage the PWS syndrome with different molecular defects.
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              Criterios para el diagnóstico clínico de algunos síndromes genéticos

              Hasta mediados del pasado siglo se conocía muy poco acerca de las enfermedades genéticas, aparte de su mera existencia. Si bien a título aislado muchas de ellas son entidades clínicas poco frecuentes, al sumar unos 30 000 síndromes, constituyen una afección pediátrica no desdeñable, y a pesar de su complejidad, el pediatra puede abordar con facilidad el reto de su diagnóstico, como base para solicitar los exámenes complementarios pertinentes o bien la interconsulta con otras especialidades, a la que no debería recurrir "de entrada" ante la presencia de un niño con un posible síndrome "raro". Fue el propósito de este trabajo propiciar a pediatras y personal médico en general los criterios clínicos para llegar al diagnóstico de algunos síndromes genéticos, los que han sido elaborados luego de una exhaustiva delineación clínica de éstos. Fueron reflejados los criterios establecidos para el diagnóstico clínico de 9 síndromes genéticos.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpr
                Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río
                Rev Ciencias Médicas
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Pinar del Río, , Cuba )
                1561-3194
                December 2014
                : 18
                : 6
                : 974-982
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameHospital Pediátrico Provincial Pepe Portilla generey@ 123456princesa.pri.sld.cu
                [01] Pinar del Río orgnameCentro Provincial de Genética Médica any0511@ 123456princesa.pri.sld.cu
                Article
                S1561-31942014000600005 S1561-3194(14)01800605
                48b2722c-2e75-4028-9b5b-8da706a0a25a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 June 2014
                : 17 September 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 11, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES

                Sistema nervioso,Prader-Willi syndrome,Nervous system,Síndrome de Prader-Silli

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