Towards stronger tobacco control policies to curb the smoking epidemic in Spain

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Abstract

Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke pose a significant risk to the health of populations. Although this evidence is not new, the commitment of countries to implement laws aimed at controlling consumption and eliminating exposure to secondhand smoke is uneven. Thus, in North America or in Europe, locations like California or Ireland, are pioneers in establishing policies aimed at protecting the population against smoking and secondhand smoke. Identifying measures that have worked would help control this important Public Health problem in other countries that are further behind in tobacco control policies. In Spain, there has been almost 15 years of little political action in legislation oriented to control the tobacco epidemic. If we want to achieve the tobacco endgame, new legislative measures must be implemented. In this paper, we have elucidated tobacco control policies that could be implemented and show how different countries have done so.

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Most cited references 39

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Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy.

Frank J. Chaloupka, Ayda Yurekli, Geoffrey Fong (2012)

Increases in tobacco taxes are widely regarded as a highly effective strategy for reducing tobacco use and its consequences. The voluminous literature on tobacco taxes is assessed, drawing heavily from seminal and recent publications reviewing the evidence on the impact of tobacco taxes on tobacco use and related outcomes, as well as that on tobacco tax administration. Well over 100 studies, including a growing number from low-income and middle-income countries, clearly demonstrate that tobacco excise taxes are a powerful tool for reducing tobacco use while at the same time providing a reliable source of government revenues. Significant increases in tobacco taxes that increase tobacco product prices encourage current tobacco users to stop using, prevent potential users from taking up tobacco use, and reduce consumption among those that continue to use, with the greatest impact on the young and the poor. Global experiences with tobacco taxation and tax administration have been used by WHO to develop a set of 'best practices' for maximising the effectiveness of tobacco taxation. Significant increases in tobacco taxes are a highly effective tobacco control strategy and lead to significant improvements in public health. The positive health impact is even greater when some of the revenues generated by tobacco tax increases are used to support tobacco control, health promotion and/or other health-related activities and programmes. In general, oppositional arguments that higher taxes will have harmful economic effects are false or overstated.

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Use of research to inform public policymaking.

John Lavis, Francisco Posada, Andy Haines … (2015)

To improve health and reduce health inequalities, public policymakers need to find the best solutions to the most burdensome health problems, the best ways to fit these solutions into complex and often overstretched and underresourced health systems, and the best ways to bring about the desired changes in health systems. Systematic reviews can inform public policymaking by providing research-based answers to these questions. Public policymakers can encourage more informed policymaking by asking to see systematic reviews on priority issues, commissioning reviews when none exists, and placing more value on such work in their deliberations and in their interactions with stakeholders. Donors and international agencies can encourage more informed public policymaking by supporting national and regional efforts to undertake reviews and assess their local applicability, and by supporting regional or worldwide efforts to coordinate review and assessment processes.

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Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action

Xiaochen Dai, Emmanuela Gakidou, Alan Lopez (2022)

Despite compelling evidence on the health hazards of tobacco products accumulated over the past 70 years, smoking remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Policy action to control smoking requires timely, comprehensive, and comparable evidence on smoking levels within and across countries. This study provides a recent assessment of that evidence based on the methods used in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study. We estimated annual prevalence of, and mortality attributable to smoking any form of tobacco from 1970 to 2020 and 1990–2020, respectively, using the methods and data sources (including 3431 surveys and studies) from the GBD collaboration. We modelled annual prevalence of current and former smoking, distributions of cigarette-equivalents per smoker per day, pack-years for current smoking, years since cessation for former smokers and estimated population-attributable fractions due to smoking. Globally, adult smoking prevalence in 2020 was 32.6% (32.2% to 33.1%) and 6.5% (6.3% to 6.7%) among men and women, respectively. 1.18 (0.94 to 1.47) billion people regularly smoke tobacco, causing 7.0 (2.0 to 11.2) million deaths in 2020. Smoking prevalence has declined by 27.2% (26.0% to 28.3%) for men since 1990, and by 37.9% (35.3% to 40.1%) for women. Declines have been largest in the higher sociodemographic countries, falling by more than 40% in some high-income countries, and also in several Latin American countries, notably Brazil, where prevalence has fallen by 70% since 1990. Smoking prevalence for women has declined substantially in some countries, including Nepal, the Netherlands and Denmark, and remains low throughout Asia and Africa. Conversely, there has been little decline in smoking in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with over half of all men continuing to smoke in large populations in Asia (China, Indonesia), as well as the Pacific Islands. While global smoking prevalence has fallen, smoking is still common and causes a significant health burden worldwide. The unequal pace of declines across the globe is shifting the epidemic progressively to LMICs. Smoking is likely to remain a leading cause of preventable death throughout this century unless smoking cessation efforts can significantly and rapidly reduce the number of smokers, particularly in Asia. XD and EG received funding through grant projects from Bloomberg Philanthropies (funding no. 66-9468) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (funding no. 63-3452).

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Author and article information

Contributors

Carla Guerra-Tort:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1027-5668

carla.guerra@rai.usc.es

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Transl Oncol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Transl Oncol

Title: Clinical & Translational Oncology

Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )

ISSN (Print): 1699-048X

ISSN (Electronic): 1699-3055

Publication date (Electronic): 12 February 2024

Publication date PMC-release: 12 February 2024

Publication date (Print): 2024

Volume: 26

Issue: 7

Pages: 1561-1569

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, ( https://ror.org/030eybx10) Santiago de Compostela, Spain

[2 ]GRID grid.466571.7, ISNI 0000 0004 1756 6246, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), ; Madrid, Spain

[3 ]GRID grid.488911.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0408 4897, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), ; Santiago de Compostela, Spain

[4 ]Department of Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, ( https://ror.org/05gq02987) Providence, USA

[5 ]Department of Behavioral and Social Science, School of Public Health, Brown University, ( https://ror.org/05gq02987) Providence, USA

[6 ]Legoretta Cancer Center, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, ( https://ror.org/05gq02987) Providence, USA

[7 ]GRID grid.413448.e, ISNI 0000 0000 9314 1427, National Centre for Epidemiology, , Carlos III Institute of Health, ; Madrid, Spain

[8 ]Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Autonomous University of Madrid/IdiPAZ, ( https://ror.org/01cby8j38) Madrid, Spain

Author information

Mónica Pérez-Ríos http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4456-6631

Carla Guerra-Tort http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1027-5668

Leonor Varela-Lema http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8365-7961

Alberto Ruano-Ravina http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9927-7453

Article

Publisher ID: 3385

DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03385-9

PMC ID: 11178643

PubMed ID: 38347375

SO-VID: 489d793d-b25d-476e-aaa1-a41bf586b4df

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 6 December 2023

Date accepted : 4 January 2024

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004587, Instituto de Salud Carlos III;

Award ID: PI22/00727

Award Recipient : Mónica Pérez-Ríos

Funded by: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

Open Access :

Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy

Keywords: spain,tobacco,smoke,secondhand smoke,health policy,smoke-free policy

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy

Keywords: spain, tobacco, smoke, secondhand smoke, health policy, smoke-free policy

Towards stronger tobacco control policies to curb the smoking epidemic in Spain

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Abstract

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Tobacco Prevention & Cessation

Most cited references 39

Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy.

Use of research to inform public policymaking.

Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action

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Contributors

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Affiliations

Author information

Article

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Funding

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