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      3D-Printed Biopolymers for Tissue Engineering Application

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          Abstract

          3D printing technology has recently gained substantial interest for potential applications in tissue engineering due to the ability of making a three-dimensional object of virtually any shape from a digital model. 3D-printed biopolymers, which combine the 3D printing technology and biopolymers, have shown great potential in tissue engineering applications and are receiving significant attention, which has resulted in the development of numerous research programs regarding the material systems which are available for 3D printing. This review focuses on recent advances in the development of biopolymer materials, including natural biopolymer-based materials and synthetic biopolymer-based materials prepared using 3D printing technology, and some future challenges and applications of this technology are discussed.

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          Electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering.

          Nerve tissue engineering is one of the most promising methods to restore nerve systems in human health care. Scaffold design has pivotal role in nerve tissue engineering. Polymer blending is one of the most effective methods for providing new, desirable biocomposites for tissue-engineering applications. Random and aligned PCL/gelatin biocomposite scaffolds were fabricated by varying the ratios of PCL and gelatin concentrations. Chemical and mechanical properties of PCL/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds were measured by FTIR, porometry, contact angle and tensile measurements, while the in vitro biodegradability of the different nanofibrous scaffolds were evaluated too. PCL/gelatin 70:30 nanofiber was found to exhibit the most balanced properties to meet all the required specifications for nerve tissue and was used for in vitro culture of nerve stem cells (C17.2 cells). MTS assay and SEM results showed that the biocomposite of PCL/gelatin 70:30 nanofibrous scaffolds enhanced the nerve differentiation and proliferation compared to PCL nanofibrous scaffolds and acted as a positive cue to support neurite outgrowth. It was found that the direction of nerve cell elongation and neurite outgrowth on aligned nanofibrous scaffolds is parallel to the direction of fibers. PCL/gelatin 70:30 nanofibrous scaffolds proved to be a promising biomaterial suitable for nerve regeneration.
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            Gene-expression profiling of human osteoblasts following treatment with the ionic products of Bioglass 45S5 dissolution.

            The effect of the ionic products of Bioglass 45S5 dissolution on the gene-expression profile of human osteoblasts was investigated by cDNA microarray analysis of 1,176 genes. Treatment with the ionic products of Bioglass 45S5 dissolution increased the levels of 60 transcripts twofold or more and reduced the levels of five transcripts to one-half or less than in control. Markedly up-regulated genes included RCL, a c-myc responsive growth related gene, cell cycle regulators such as G1/S specific cyclin D1, and apoptosis regulators including calpain and defender against cell death (DAD1). Other significantly up-regulated genes included the cell surface receptors CD44 and integrin beta1, and various extracellular matrix regulators including metalloproteinases-2 and -4 and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. The identification of differentially expressed genes by cDNA microarray analysis has offered new insights into the mode of action of bioactive glasses and has proven to be an effective tool in evaluating their osteoproductive properties. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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              Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography.

              The success of tissue engineering will rely on the ability to generate complex, cell seeded three-dimensional (3D) structures. Therefore, methods that can be used to precisely engineer the architecture and topography of scaffolding materials will represent a critical aspect of functional tissue engineering. Previous approaches for 3D scaffold fabrication based on top-down and process driven methods are often not adequate to produce complex structures due to the lack of control on scaffold architecture, porosity, and cellular interactions. The proposed projection stereolithography (PSL) platform can be used to design intricate 3D tissue scaffolds that can be engineered to mimic the microarchitecture of tissues, based on computer aided design (CAD). The PSL system was developed, programmed and optimized to fabricate 3D scaffolds using gelatin methacrylate (GelMA). Variation of the structure and prepolymer concentration enabled tailoring the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. A dynamic cell seeding method was utilized to improve the coverage of the scaffold throughout its thickness. The results demonstrated that the interconnectivity of pores allowed for uniform human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) distribution and proliferation in the scaffolds, leading to high cell density and confluency at the end of the culture period. Moreover, immunohistochemistry results showed that cells seeded on the scaffold maintained their endothelial phenotype, demonstrating the biological functionality of the microfabricated GelMA scaffolds. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                International Journal of Polymer Science
                International Journal of Polymer Science
                Hindawi Limited
                1687-9422
                1687-9430
                2014
                2014
                : 2014
                :
                : 1-13
                Article
                10.1155/2014/829145
                48924b81-8f09-4973-96d5-40daaea43a7d
                © 2014

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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