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      Biomedical waste management in India: Critical appraisal

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          Abstract

          The safe and sustainable management of biomedical waste (BMW) is social and legal responsibility of all people supporting and financing health-care activities. Effective BMW management (BMWM) is mandatory for healthy humans and cleaner environment. This article reviews the recent 2016 BMWM rules, practical problems for its effective implementation, the major drawback of conventional techniques, and the latest eco-friendly methods for BMW disposal. The new rules are meant to improve the segregation, transportation, and disposal methods, to decrease environmental pollution so as to change the dynamic of BMW disposal and treatment in India. For effective disposal of BMWM, there should be a collective teamwork with committed government support in terms of finance and infrastructure development, dedicated health-care workers and health-care facilities, continuous monitoring of BMW practices, tough legislature, and strong regulatory bodies. The basic principle of BMWM is segregation at source and waste reduction. Besides, a lot of research and development need to be in the field of developing environmental friendly medical devices and BMW disposal systems for a greener and cleaner environment.

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          Microbial enzymatic degradation of biodegradable plastics.

          Kulsoom Bano, Mohammed Kuddus, Mohd Zaheer … (2017)
          Background The use of different types of plastics in the world either synthetic or biodegradable has become a part in all sectors of the economy. Infrastructure such as agriculture, building and construction, telecommunication, consumer goods, packaging, health and medical are all high growth areas that ensure a spiralling demand for plastics. Lack of degradability, environmental pollution and closing of landfill sites has led to concern more about plastic waste disposal. Appropriate biodegradation should occur for these water-immiscible polymers since they eventually enter streams which can neither be recycled nor incinerated and also not despoiled with existing physical and chemical means of degradation. Methods In view of all these facts, area of microbial degradation for biodegradable plastics should be focussed in order to understand the role of microbes, their enzymes and the mechanism involved. Microorganisms degrading such polymers are widely distributed in environments.
          Article 0 comments Cited 40 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Health effects associated with the disposal of solid waste in landfills and incinerators in populations living in surrounding areas: a systematic review.

            Renato Pizzuti, Salvatore Panico, Amalia Mattiello … (2013)
            Potential health hazards for the environment and people living nearby landfills and incinerators are claimed to be related to several methods of waste management. Independent systematic review of the scientific literature is a key procedure to support the lay public and policy makers to achieve informed decisions. The study design and potential biases of papers retrieved in this comprehensive literature search were analyzed. The most consistent result is that the risks of congenital anomalies and hospitalization due to respiratory disease are likely to be real nearby special waste landfills. From the very little information on exclusively urban waste depots it is reasonable to say that correct management of landfill does not increase the risk of these health effects. It is confirmed that historically incinerators are an important source of pollution and harm for the health of populations living nearby; however, changes in technology are producing more reassuring results. A moderate level of confidence is possible in limited areas of knowledge, implying the need to overcome the limitations of current studies about exposure assessment and to control confounders at the individual level.
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              High levels of organochlorines in mothers' milk from Chennai (Madras) city, India.

              M Ohtake, Shinsuke Tanabe, Ramanand Subramanian … (2007)
              Mothers' milk from Chennai (formerly Madras), India and three other places Perungudi, the municipal dumping site of south Chennai area (situated at the suburb of Chennai), Chidambaram, a predominantly agricultural town situated 250 km south of Chennai and Parangipettai, a fishing village 15 km north of Chidambaram, all situated at or near the southeastern Bay of Bengal coast of India were found to contain measurable concentrations of HCHs, DDTs, PCBs, CHLs and HCB. A notable finding in this study is that Chennai mothers have higher levels of HCHs in their milk and hence may transfer considerably higher amounts of the chemical than the mothers from all the other three places of the present study indicating a higher health risk to Chennai's children. It was also found that the levels of the two organochlorine pesticides (HCHs and DDTs) increased in Chennai mothers' milk in the last decade. Food items collected from Chennai markets did not show any remarkably higher levels of any of the chemicals measured in this study. Levels of the two classical organochlorines (DDTs and HCHs) have declined in many of the food items when compared with our data collected two decades before in the same locations, showing the effectiveness of the recent ban on both these chemicals in the country. The sources, possible health risks and the ways to curtail the effects of HCHs, especially at Chennai, should be investigated further.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Lab Physicians
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Lab Physicians
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JLP
                Title: Journal of Laboratory Physicians
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0974-2727
                ISSN (Electronic): 0974-7826
                Publication date (Print): Jan-Mar 2018
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 6-14
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Priya Datta, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh - 160 030, India. E-mail: drpriyadatta@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: JLP-10-6
                DOI: 10.4103/JLP.JLP_89_17
                PMC ID: 5784295
                PubMed ID: 29403196
                SO-VID: 4813e2e3-a3a4-4358-b100-3070c97591d7
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2018 Journal of Laboratory Physicians
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Date received : 12 May 2017
                Date accepted : 27 September 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical chemistry
                Keywords: 2016,biomedical waste,changes,india
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical chemistry
                Keywords: 2016, biomedical waste, changes, india

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