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      International Journal of Nanomedicine (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the application of nanotechnology in diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems throughout the biomedical field. Sign up for email alerts here.

      105,621 Monthly downloads/views I 7.033 Impact Factor I 10.9 CiteScore I 1.22 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) I 1.032 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Green Synthesis of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) and Their Antimicrobial Applications: A Review

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          Abstract

          During the last decade green synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) attracted remarkable interest in various fields of science and technology. This review, explores the vast array of biological resources such as plants, microbes, and other biological products being used in synthesis of CeO 2 NPs. It also discusses their biosynthetic mechanism, current understandings, and trends in the green synthesis of CeO 2 NPs. Novel therapies based on green synthesized CeO 2 NPs are illustrated, in particular their antimicrobial potential along with attempts of their mechanistic elucidation. Overall, the main objective of this review is to provide a rational insight of the major accomplishments of CeO 2 NPs as novel therapeutics agents for a wide range of microbial pathogens and combating other diseases.

          Most cited references60

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          Comparison of the mechanism of toxicity of zinc oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles based on dissolution and oxidative stress properties.

          Tian Xia, Michael Kovochich, Monty Liong … (2008)
          Nanomaterials (NM) exhibit novel physicochemical properties that determine their interaction with biological substrates and processes. Three metal oxide nanoparticles that are currently being produced in high tonnage, TiO(2), ZnO, and CeO(2), were synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis process and compared in a mechanistic study to elucidate the physicochemical characteristics that determine cellular uptake, subcellular localization, and toxic effects based on a test paradigm that was originally developed for oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 and BEAS-2B cell lines. ZnO induced toxicity in both cells, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidant injury, excitation of inflammation, and cell death. Using ICP-MS and fluorescent-labeled ZnO, it is found that ZnO dissolution could happen in culture medium and endosomes. Nondissolved ZnO nanoparticles enter caveolae in BEAS-2B but enter lysosomes in RAW 264.7 cells in which smaller particle remnants dissolve. In contrast, fluorescent-labeled CeO(2) nanoparticles were taken up intact into caveolin-1 and LAMP-1 positive endosomal compartments, respectively, in BEAS-2B and RAW 264.7 cells, without inflammation or cytotoxicity. Instead, CeO(2) suppressed ROS production and induced cellular resistance to an exogenous source of oxidative stress. Fluorescent-labeled TiO(2) was processed by the same uptake pathways as CeO(2) but did not elicit any adverse or protective effects. These results demonstrate that metal oxide nanoparticles induce a range of biological responses that vary from cytotoxic to cytoprotective and can only be properly understood by using a tiered test strategy such as we developed for oxidative stress and adapted to study other aspects of nanoparticle toxicity.
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            Applications of nanotechnology for immunology

            Douglas Smith, Jakub K Simon, James R. Baker Jr. (2013)
            Key Points Nanotechnology makes use of the unique properties of objects that function as a unit within the overall size range of 1 to 1,000 nanometres, which is on the same scale as for many biological structures such as antigens, receptors, subcellular components of the immune system and microbes. The engineering of nanoscale compounds by the modification of properties such as nanoparticle size, shape, charge, porosity, surface area and hydrophobicity holds great promise for the development of immune response modulators and vaccines. The enhancement of the immune response by nanoparticles can be achieved through innate immune potentiation or by the enhanced delivery of antigens. Virus-like particles activate the innate immune response via Toll-like receptors and the repetitive display of antigens, whereas nanogels and cationic liposomes are examples of vaccine carriers. The molecular pathways involved in immune activation by nanoparticles are diverse and might include the upregulation of homing receptors such as CC-chemokine receptor 7, co-stimulatory molecules including CD40, CD80 and CD86, as well as increased cytokine production. Enhanced delivery by nanoparticles might induce apoptosis or necrosis. The suppression of the immune response can be achieved through direct immunosuppression or by the delivery of immunosuppressants. Fullerenes have a direct immunosuppressive effect but can also deliver immunosuppressive drugs, as can dendrimers, polymers, and liposomes. The molecular pathways involved in immunosuppression might include increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2, prostangandin E2 and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and apoptosis. The delivery of immunosuppressants results in a decreased response to IL-2 with sirolimus, in the downregulation of nuclear factor-kB with steroids, and in the upregulation of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), which causes an increased regulatory T cell activity when self antigens are presented. Nanotechnology will continue to provide remarkable insights into the nature of the immune response. The application of nanotechnology to immunology might also affect new strategies to prevent or to treat human diseases. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nri3488) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles using Gloriosa superba L. leaf extract and their structural, optical and antibacterial properties

              Ayyakannu Arumugam, Chandrasekaran Karthikeyan, Abdulrahman Syedahamed Haja Hameed … (2015)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Nanomedicine
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Nanomedicine
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijn
                Journal ID (pmc): intjnano
                Title: International Journal of Nanomedicine
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Print): 1176-9114
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 August 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 15
                Pages: 5951-5961
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Integrative Biosciences, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences , Peshawar 25100, KPK, Pakistan
                [2 ]Department of Biotechnology, Quaid I Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
                [3 ]Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), Plant Lignans Team, INRAE USC1328, Université d’Orléans, Eure Et Loir Campus , Chartres F28000, France
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Muhammad Nadeem Email m.nadeem@cecos.edu.pk
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7157-4667
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7584-0563
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3170-4030
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9938-0151
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6529-2134
                Article
                Publisher ID: 255784
                DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S255784
                PMC ID: 7429212
                PubMed ID: 32848398
                SO-VID: 475eee62-1d93-4893-bf56-c779015f621e
                Copyright © © 2020 Nadeem et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 02 April 2020
                Date accepted : 08 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, References: 72, Pages: 11
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: nanotechnology,green synthesis,cerium oxide,nanoparticles,antimicrobial,infections,biomedical
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: nanotechnology, green synthesis, cerium oxide, nanoparticles, antimicrobial, infections, biomedical

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