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      The Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Problem Gaming Among Adolescents: A Nationally Representative Survey Study

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          Abstract

          Explanatory theoretical models have proposed an association between problematic online gaming and abilities or strategies in alleviating distress or negative emotions in times of stress as proximal non-gaming-related personality factors. However, there is little research that has targeted how emotion regulation relates to problematic online gaming—especially during adolescence when gaming behavior is most prevalent. In emotion regulation research, there has been a particular emphasis on rumination because it is strongly associated with overall psychopathology. However, it is unknown whether this putatively maladaptive strategy relates to problematic online gaming and whether it is a gender-dependent association. Consequently, the present study examined how emotion regulation strategies, and particularly rumination, related to problem gaming and tested whether gender moderated this relationship in adolescents. In a national representative adolescent sample, 46.9% of the participants ( N = 1,646) reported online gaming in the past 12 months and provided information on problematic gaming, and it was these data that were used for further analysis. Their data concerning problematic online gaming and emotion regulation strategies were analyzed, including rumination along with other putatively maladaptive (e.g., catastrophizing) and adaptive (e.g., positive reappraisal) strategies, while controlling for age, gender, and game genre preference. Results of linear regression analyses showed that all the putatively maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (including self-blame, other blame, catastrophizing, and rumination) were positively related to problematic online gaming. Positive reappraisal proved to be a protective factor; it was inversely related to problematic online gaming. In addition, the relationship between rumination and online gaming was moderated by gender (i.e., the relationship was stronger among boys). Based on the results, it is argued that emotion regulation is a useful framework to study problematic online gaming. The present study highlighted that the relative predictive value of rumination for problematic online gaming varied for boys and girls, suggesting that trait rumination might be a gender-specific vulnerability factor for problematic online gaming, but this requires further investigation and replication.

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          Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model.

          Matthias Brand, Kimberly Young, CHRISTIAN LAIER … (2016)
          Within the last two decades, many studies have addressed the clinical phenomenon of Internet-use disorders, with a particular focus on Internet-gaming disorder. Based on previous theoretical considerations and empirical findings, we suggest an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of specific Internet-use disorders. The I-PACE model is a theoretical framework for the processes underlying the development and maintenance of an addictive use of certain Internet applications or sites promoting gaming, gambling, pornography viewing, shopping, or communication. The model is composed as a process model. Specific Internet-use disorders are considered to be the consequence of interactions between predisposing factors, such as neurobiological and psychological constitutions, moderators, such as coping styles and Internet-related cognitive biases, and mediators, such as affective and cognitive responses to situational triggers in combination with reduced executive functioning. Conditioning processes may strengthen these associations within an addiction process. Although the hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders, summarized in the I-PACE model, must be further tested empirically, implications for treatment interventions are suggested.
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            The Motivational Pull of Video Games: A Self-Determination Theory Approach

            Richard M. Ryan, C. Rigby, Andrew K. Przybylski (2006)
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              Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation.

              Thomas Webb, Eleanor Miles, Paschal Sheeran (2012)
              The present meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation in modifying emotional outcomes as indexed by experiential, behavioral, and physiological measures. A systematic search of the literature identified 306 experimental comparisons of different emotion regulation (ER) strategies. ER instructions were coded according to a new taxonomy, and meta-analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of each strategy across studies. The findings revealed differences in effectiveness between ER processes: Attentional deployment had no effect on emotional outcomes (d(+) = 0.00), response modulation had a small effect (d(+) = 0.16), and cognitive change had a small-to-medium effect (d(+) = 0.36). There were also important within-process differences. We identified 7 types of attentional deployment, 4 types of cognitive change, and 4 types of response modulation, and these distinctions had a substantial influence on effectiveness. Whereas distraction was an effective way to regulate emotions (d(+) = 0.27), concentration was not (d(+) = -0.26). Similarly, suppressing the expression of emotion proved effective (d(+) = 0.32), but suppressing the experience of emotion or suppressing thoughts of the emotion-eliciting event did not (d(+) = -0.04 and -0.12, respectively). Finally, reappraising the emotional response proved less effective (d(+) = 0.23) than reappraising the emotional stimulus (d(+) = 0.36) or using perspective taking (d(+) = 0.45). The review also identified several moderators of strategy effectiveness including factors related to the (a) to-be-regulated emotion, (b) frequency of use and intended purpose of the ER strategy, (c) study design, and (d) study characteristics.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychiatry
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychiatry
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychiatry
                Title: Frontiers in Psychiatry
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-0640
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 April 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 273
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
                [2] 2SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
                [3] 3Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
                [4] 4Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
                [5] 5Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham, United Kingdom
                [6] 6Institute of Education, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
                Author notes

                Edited by: Yasser Khazaal, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Switzerland

                Reviewed by: Nan Li, RIKEN, Japan; Susana Jiménez-Murcia, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Spain

                *Correspondence: Gyöngyi Kökönyei, kokonyei.gyongyi@ 123456ppk.elte.hu

                This article was submitted to Addictive Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00273
                PMC ID: 6501698
                PubMed ID: 31110482
                SO-VID: 473e8513-1d75-4f6b-a04c-2c5a6a9c9b83
                Copyright © Copyright © 2019 Kökönyei, Kocsel, Király, Griffiths, Galambos, Magi, Paksi and Demetrovics
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 13 October 2018
                Date accepted : 10 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 126, Pages: 14, Words: 7399
                Funding
                Funded by: Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal 10.13039/501100011019
                Funded by: Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal 10.13039/501100011019
                Funded by: Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal 10.13039/501100011019
                Funded by: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia 10.13039/501100003825
                Funded by: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia 10.13039/501100003825
                Funded by: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem 10.13039/501100009934
                Funded by: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem 10.13039/501100009934
                Categories
                Subject: Psychiatry
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: online gaming,rumination,positive reappraisal,emotion regulation,adolescent gaming,gender differences
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: online gaming, rumination, positive reappraisal, emotion regulation, adolescent gaming, gender differences

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