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      Vitamin D and Sarcopenia: Potential of Vitamin D Supplementation in Sarcopenia Prevention and Treatment

      review-article
      Author(s): , , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Nutrients
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: vitamin D, sarcopenia, atrophy, skeletal muscle, gene regulation, nuclear receptor

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          Abstract

          Skeletal muscle, the largest organ in the human body, accounting for approximately 40% of body weight, plays important roles in exercise and energy expenditure. In the elderly, there is often a progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, a condition known as sarcopenia, which can lead to bedridden conditions, wheelchair confinement as well as reducing the quality of life (QOL). In developed countries with aging populations, the prevention and management of sarcopenia are important for the improvement of health and life expectancy in these populations. Recently, vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, has been attracting attention due to its importance in sarcopenia. This review will focus on the effects of vitamin D deficiency and supplementation on sarcopenia.

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          Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis

          Alfonso Cruz-Jentoft, Jean-Pierre Baeyens, Jürgen M Bauer … (2011)
          The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) developed a practical clinical definition and consensus diagnostic criteria for age-related sarcopenia. EWGSOP included representatives from four participant organisations, i.e. the European Geriatric Medicine Society, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics—European Region and the International Association of Nutrition and Aging. These organisations endorsed the findings in the final document. The group met and addressed the following questions, using the medical literature to build evidence-based answers: (i) What is sarcopenia? (ii) What parameters define sarcopenia? (iii) What variables reflect these parameters, and what measurement tools and cut-off points can be used? (iv) How does sarcopenia relate to cachexia, frailty and sarcopenic obesity? For the diagnosis of sarcopenia, EWGSOP recommends using the presence of both low muscle mass + low muscle function (strength or performance). EWGSOP variously applies these characteristics to further define conceptual stages as ‘presarcopenia’, ‘sarcopenia’ and ‘severe sarcopenia’. EWGSOP reviewed a wide range of tools that can be used to measure the specific variables of muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Our paper summarises currently available data defining sarcopenia cut-off points by age and gender; suggests an algorithm for sarcopenia case finding in older individuals based on measurements of gait speed, grip strength and muscle mass; and presents a list of suggested primary and secondary outcome domains for research. Once an operational definition of sarcopenia is adopted and included in the mainstream of comprehensive geriatric assessment, the next steps are to define the natural course of sarcopenia and to develop and define effective treatment.
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            Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment

            Liang-Kung Chen, Jean Woo, Prasert Assantachai … (2020)
            Clinical and research interest in sarcopenia has burgeoned internationally, Asia included. The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2014 consensus defined sarcopenia as "age-related loss of muscle mass, plus low muscle strength, and/or low physical performance" and specified cutoffs for each diagnostic component; research in Asia consequently flourished, prompting this update. AWGS 2019 retains the previous definition of sarcopenia but revises the diagnostic algorithm, protocols, and some criteria: low muscle strength is defined as handgrip strength <28 kg for men and <18 kg for women; criteria for low physical performance are 6-m walk <1.0 m/s, Short Physical Performance Battery score ≤9, or 5-time chair stand test ≥12 seconds. AWGS 2019 retains the original cutoffs for height-adjusted muscle mass: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, <7.0 kg/m2 in men and <5.4 kg/m2 in women; and bioimpedance, <7.0 kg/m2 in men and <5.7 kg/m2 in women. In addition, the AWGS 2019 update proposes separate algorithms for community vs hospital settings, which both begin by screening either calf circumference (<34 cm in men, <33 cm in women), SARC-F (≥4), or SARC-CalF (≥11), to facilitate earlier identification of people at risk for sarcopenia. Although skeletal muscle strength and mass are both still considered fundamental to a definitive clinical diagnosis, AWGS 2019 also introduces "possible sarcopenia," defined by either low muscle strength or low physical performance only, specifically for use in primary health care or community-based health promotion, to enable earlier lifestyle interventions. Although defining sarcopenia by body mass index-adjusted muscle mass instead of height-adjusted muscle mass may predict adverse outcomes better, more evidence is needed before changing current recommendations. Lifestyle interventions, especially exercise and nutritional supplementation, prevail as mainstays of treatment. Further research is needed to investigate potential long-term benefits of lifestyle interventions, nutritional supplements, or pharmacotherapy for sarcopenia in Asians.
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              Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis

              Alfonso Cruz-Jentoft, Gϋlistan Bahat, Jϋrgen Bauer … (2019)
              doi: 10.1093/ageing/afy169 In the original version of the above paper there was an error in Table 3, which shows the recommended cut-off points for ASM/height2 in women. The cut-off point was given as <6.0 kg/m2, but the correct value is <5.5 kg/m2. This has now been corrected online. The authors wish to apologise for this error.
              Article 0 comments Cited 683 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutrients
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutrients
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nutrients
                Title: Nutrients
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6643
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 October 2020
                Publication date Collection: October 2020
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 3189
                Affiliations
                Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan; s820731001@ 123456kpu.ac.jp (R.U.); s820631011@ 123456kpu.ac.jp (M.O.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: kamei@ 123456kpu.ac.jp
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: nutrients-12-03189
                DOI: 10.3390/nu12103189
                PMC ID: 7603112
                PubMed ID: 33086536
                SO-VID: 46eb8f66-07cb-4766-87d7-61fbbaa55e7b
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 20 September 2020
                Date accepted : 14 October 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: vitamin d,sarcopenia,atrophy,skeletal muscle,gene regulation,nuclear receptor
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: vitamin d, sarcopenia, atrophy, skeletal muscle, gene regulation, nuclear receptor

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