Relationships between litter size, sex ratio and within-litter birth weight variation in a sow herd and consequences on weaning performance

Abstract

Routine selection for litter size has resulted in an increase in the proportion of lightweight piglets. There is a need to balance prolificacy with litter uniformity to maximize profit. A total of 3,465 piglets from 310 litter records obtained from 2016 until 2019 at the Pig Industry Board research unit, Arcturus, Zimbabwe were used to determine the relationships between litter size, sex ratio, and within-litter birth weight variation in the sow herd and consequences on performance at weaning. The regression procedure of SAS was used to determine the relationships between litter size, sex ratio, and within-litter birth weight variation. The regression procedure was also used to determine the relationships between number born alive, within-litter birth weight variation, and sex ratio, and litter performance traits at weaning. Parity of sow, year, and month of farrowing did not affect sex ratio ( P > 0.05). The number born alive and number of piglets born had no relationship with sex ratio ( P > 0.05). As the sex ratio increased, percent survival of piglets at weaning also increased linearly ( P < 0.05). As the proportion of males in litters increased, within-litter birth weight variation and within-litter weaning weight variation increased reaching maximum as the proportion of males in litters approached 0.5 and then decreased onwards. As the proportion of males in litters approached 1, within-litter birth weight variation and within-litter weaning weight variation reached their least values. In conclusion, within-litter sex ratio does not vary with parity, year, and month of farrowing. Within-litter weight variation is highest in litters with equal number of male and female piglets and lowest in unisex litters. This implies that the production of unisex litters can help to reduce the variation in the weight of pigs at birth, weaning, and marketing which is one of the biggest economic challenges faced by pork producers.