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      Biodiversidad de aves en México Translated title: Biodiversity of birds in Mexico

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          Abstract

          Se presenta un análisis del listado actualizado de las aves de México, con enfoques taxonómicos actuales y abarcando todas aquellas especies que tengan registros recientes e históricos de presencia dentro del territorio nacional. Se presenta una síntesis de la riqueza de especies, riqueza taxonómica, estatus estacional, distribución ecológica, su grado de endemismo y estatus de conservación, así como de los patrones geográficos de la riqueza y el endemismo. De las alrededor de 10 500 especies de aves que hay en el mundo, entre 1 123 y 1 150, cerca del 11% del total mundial, habitan en México. Ésto coloca a este país en el onceavo lugar de acuerdo a su riqueza avifaunística y en el cuarto lugar en proporción de endemismo entre los países megadiversos del mundo. El 77% de las especies se reproducen en México y la mayor parte son especies residentes permanentes, seguidas en número por las visitantes de invierno y las migratorias de paso. Un total de entre 194 y 212 especies son endémicas de México, lo que representa aproximadamente entre el 18 y 20% del total de especies registrado en el país y entre 298 y 388 especies (26-33%) de la avifauna mexicana se encuentra en alguna categoría de amenaza de acuerdo a autoridades nacionales o internacionales. La mayor concentración de especies se presenta a lo largo de la vertiente del golfo de México y la península de Yucatán, especialmente siendo más elevada la riqueza de especies en las zonas de contacto de ambientes montanos y tropicales de tierras bajas, tanto en el golfo como en la vertiente del Pacífico. Los valores altos de la riqueza de especies endémicas y la proporción de éstas se concentran a lo largo del oeste de México, principalmente en las zonas montanas del Eje Neovolcánico, las Sierras Madre Occidental y del Sur, y la planicie costera del Pacífico.

          Translated abstract

          We present an update to the knowledge of bird diversity in México. We assembled a list of the birds of Mexico including all species for which presence, recent or historical, has been confirmed, and incorporating recent taxonomic viewpoints. From this list, we obtained numbers of species and taxonomic richness, seasonal status, ecological distribution, and conservation status. Of the roughly 10 500 bird species currently recognized, 1 123 to 1 150 (11%) are found in Mexico, what ranks the country in the 11th position in bird species richness, and in 4th in the proportion of endemic species. Mexican avifauna is largely composed of resident species; however, migratory and transitory species are also important components. Similarly, a large proportion (77%) of the species breed in Mexico. Endemism levels are high: 194 to 212 species are included in some endemism category. Between 32-44% of the Mexican bird species has been rated with some level of threat according to national and international listings. Geographically, the highest species richness is located in contact areas between lowland and mountains in both slopes and along the lowlands of the in Gulf slope and the Yucatan Peninsula; endemism is mainly located in western Mexico: mainly along the Pacific slope and in mountains in the Transvolcanic Mexican Belt, the Sierra Madre Occidental, and the Sierra Madre del Sur; in the Atlantic slope, endemism is higher along the Sierra Madre Oriental.

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          The evolution of dinosaurs.

          The ascendancy of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and opportunistic as their demise and replacement by therian mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. The dinosaurian radiation, launched by 1-meter-long bipeds, was slower in tempo and more restricted in adaptive scope than that of therian mammals. A notable exception was the evolution of birds from small-bodied predatory dinosaurs, which involved a dramatic decrease in body size. Recurring phylogenetic trends among dinosaurs include, to the contrary, increase in body size. There is no evidence for co-evolution between predators and prey or between herbivores and flowering plants. As the major land masses drifted apart, dinosaurian biogeography was molded more by regional extinction and intercontinental dispersal than by the breakup sequence of Pangaea.
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            Ecosystem consequences of bird declines.

            We present a general framework for characterizing the ecological and societal consequences of biodiversity loss and applying it to the global avifauna. To investigate the potential ecological consequences of avian declines, we developed comprehensive databases of the status and functional roles of birds and a stochastic model for forecasting change. Overall, 21% of bird species are currently extinction-prone and 6.5% are functionally extinct, contributing negligibly to ecosystem processes. We show that a quarter or more of frugivorous and omnivorous species and one-third or more of herbivorous, piscivorous, and scavenger species are extinction-prone. Furthermore, our projections indicate that by 2100, 6-14% of all bird species will be extinct, and 7-25% (28-56% on oceanic islands) will be functionally extinct. Important ecosystem processes, particularly decomposition, pollination, and seed dispersal, will likely decline as a result.
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              Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Protección ambiental-Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres-Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio-lista de especificaciones en riesgo

              (2010)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rmbiodiv
                Revista mexicana de biodiversidad
                Rev. Mex. Biodiv.
                Instituto de Biología (México )
                2007-8706
                January 2014
                : 85
                : suppl ene
                : S476-S495
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México
                [2 ] University of Kansas USA
                [3 ] Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad México
                Article
                S1870-34532014000200056
                10.7550/rmb.41882
                46ba6e71-981f-455f-a120-37b898f564d3

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Biodiversity Conservation

                Animal science & Zoology
                Mexico,birds,species richness,endemism,ecological distribution,geographic distribution,México,aves,riqueza de especies,endemismo,distribución ecológica,distribución geográfica

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