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      Effect of a 16-week Pilates exercise program on the ego resiliency and depression in elderly women

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          Abstract

          This study aims to examine the effect of a 16-week Pilates exercise program on the ego resiliency and depression in elderly women. Before participating in Pilates exercise programs, researcher explained the purpose and the intention of the research to elderly women who were willing to participate in this research. A total of 148 elderly women agreed to participate in the program and they filled in ego resiliency and depression questionnaires. Then, the elderly participated in the 16-week Pilates exercise program and completed the same questionnaires afterwards. Collected data was analyzed by the SPSS ver. 20.0 program and results of paired t-test were as follows; there were statistically significant differences in all subvariables of the ego resiliency such as self-confidence ( t=7.770, P<0.001), communication efficiency ( t=2.690, P<0.01), optimistic trait ( t=1.996, P<0.05), and anger management ( t=4.525, P<0.001) after elderly women participated in the 16-week Pilates exercise program, there was a statistically significant difference in depression of elderly women who participated in the 16-week Pilates exercise program ( t=−6.506, P<0.001) which was statistically lower than before their participation in the program. Consequently, participating in the Pilates exercise program can help improve the ego-resiliency and alleviate depression of the elderly women.

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          Physical activity reduces the risk of subsequent depression for older adults.

          Stephen E. Roberts, Stephane Deleger, Rona Strawbridge … (2002)
          Previous studies assessing protective effects of physical activity on depression have had conflicting results; one recent study argued that excluding disabled subjects attenuated any observed effects. The authors' objective was to compare the effects of higher levels of physical activity on prevalent and incident depression with and without exclusion of disabled subjects. Participants were 1,947 community-dwelling adults from the Alameda County Study aged 50-94 years at baseline in 1994 with 5 years of follow-up. Depression was measured using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Physical activity was measured with an eight-point scale; odds ratios are based upon a one-point increase on the scale. Even with adjustments for age, sex, ethnicity, financial strain, chronic conditions, disability, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, and social relations, greater physical activity was protective for both prevalent depression (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79, 1.01) and incident depression (adjusted OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.96) over 5 years. Exclusion of disabled subjects did not attenuate the incidence results (adjusted OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.92). Findings support the protective effects of physical activity on depression for older adults and argue against excluding disabled subjects from similar studies.
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            Measurement and predictors of resilience among community-dwelling older women.

            Amanda J. Lamond, Colin A. Depp, Matthew D. Allison … (2008)
            Resilience, the ability to adapt positively to adversity, may be an important factor in successful aging. However, the assessment and correlates of resilience in elderly individuals have not received adequate attention. A total of 1395 community-dwelling women over age 60 who were participants at the San Diego Clinical Center of the Women's Health Initiative completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), along with other scales pertinent to successful cognitive aging. Internal consistency and predictors of the CD-RISC were examined, as well as the consistency of its factor structure with published reports. The mean age of the cohort was 73 (7.2) years and 14% were Hispanic, 76% were non-Hispanic white, and nearly all had completed a high school education (98%). The mean total score on the CD-RISC was 75.7 (sd=13.0). This scale showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.92). Exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors (somewhat different from those previously reported among younger adults) that reflected items involving: (1) personal control and goal orientation, (2) adaptation and tolerance for negative affect, (3) leadership and trust in instincts, and (4) spiritual coping. The strongest predictors of CD-RISC scores in this study were higher emotional well-being, optimism, self-rated successful aging, social engagement, and fewer cognitive complaints. Our study suggests that the CD-RISC is an internally consistent scale for assessing resilience among older women, and that greater resilience as assessed by the CD-RISC related positively to key components of successful aging.
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              Resilience and successful aging. Comparison among low and high income older adults.

              Gail M Wagnild (2003)
              1 Resilience, a personality characteristic that moderates the negative effects of stress and promotes adaptation, has been associated with better health in prior studies. 2 Successful aging can be defined as the enjoyment of health and vigor of the mind, body, and spirit into middle age and beyond. 3 Individuals with lower incomes may be less likely to achieve successful aging because of a higher prevalence of health risk factors. 4 Resilience appears to be positively and significantly associated with indicators of successful aging regardless of income.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Exerc Rehabil
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Exerc Rehabil
                Title: Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation
                Publisher: Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation
                ISSN (Print): 2288-176X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2288-1778
                Publication date Collection: October 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 October 2016
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 494-498
                Affiliations
                Department of Exercise Rehabilitation and Welfare, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Su Yeon Roh, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5573-5870, Department of Exercise Rehabilitation and Welfare, College of Health Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea, Tel: +82-32-820-4254, Fax: +82-32-820-4449, E-mail: rsypilates@ 123456naver.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: jer-12-5-494
                DOI: 10.12965/jer.1632704.352
                PMC ID: 5091068
                PubMed ID: 27807531
                SO-VID: 468c0279-173c-4cb7-9006-9e5fb37fa5da
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016 Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 02 September 2016
                Date accepted : 20 September 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: 16-week pilates exercise program,elderly women,ego resiliency,depression
                Data availability:
                Keywords: 16-week pilates exercise program, elderly women, ego resiliency, depression

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