ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae

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Abstract

The Flaviviridae is a family of small enveloped viruses with RNA genomes of 9000–13 000 bases. Most infect mammals and birds. Many flaviviruses are host-specific and pathogenic, such as hepatitis C virus in the genus Hepacivirus. The majority of known members in the genus Flavivirus are arthropod borne, and many are important human and veterinary pathogens (e.g. yellow fever virus, dengue virus). This is a summary of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) report on the taxonomy of the Flaviviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/flaviviridae.

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The Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses.

Norbert Tautz, Birke Tews, Gregor Meyers (2015)

Pestiviruses are among the economically most important pathogens of livestock. The biology of these viruses is characterized by unique and interesting features that are both crucial for their success as pathogens and challenging from a scientific point of view. Elucidation of these features at the molecular level has made striking progress during recent years. The analyses revealed that major aspects of pestivirus biology show significant similarity to the biology of human hepatitis C virus (HCV). The detailed molecular analyses conducted for pestiviruses and HCV supported and complemented each other during the last three decades resulting in elucidation of the functions of viral proteins and RNA elements in replication and virus-host interaction. For pestiviruses, the analyses also helped to shed light on the molecular basis of persistent infection, a special strategy these viruses have evolved to be maintained within their host population. The results of these investigations are summarized in this chapter.

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Surveying the global virome: identification and characterization of HCV-related animal hepaciviruses.

Troels Scheel, Peter Simmonds, Amit Kapoor (2015)

Recent advances in sequencing technologies have greatly enhanced our abilities to identify novel microbial sequences. Thus, our understanding of the global virome and the virome of specific host species in particular is rapidly expanding. Identification of animal viruses is important for understanding animal disease, the origin and evolution of human viruses, as well as zoonotic reservoirs for emerging infections. Although the human hepacivirus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), was identified 25years ago, its origin has remained elusive. In 2011, the first HCV homolog was reported in dogs but subsequent studies showed the virus to be widely distributed in horses. This indicated a wider hepacivirus host range and paved the way for identification of rodent, bat and non-human primate hepaciviruses. The equine non-primate hepacivirus (NPHV) remains the closest relative of HCV and is so far the best characterized. Identification and characterization of novel hepaciviruses may in addition lead to development of tractable animal models to study HCV persistence, immune responses and pathogenesis. This could be particular important, given the current shortage of immunocompetent models for robust HCV infection. Much remains to be learned on the novel hepaciviruses, including their association with disease, and thereby how relevant they will become as HCV model systems and for studies of animal disease. This review discusses how virome analysis led to identification of novel hepaci- and pegiviruses, their genetic relationship and characterization and the potential use of animal hepaciviruses as models to study hepaciviral infection, immunity and pathogenesis. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Hepatitis C: Next steps toward global eradication."

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Gen Virol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Gen. Virol

Journal ID (publisher-id): JGV

Title: The Journal of General Virology

Publisher: Microbiology Society

ISSN (Print): 0022-1317

ISSN (Electronic): 1465-2099

Publication date (Print): January 2017

Publication date (Electronic): 17 January 2017

Publication date PMC-release: 17 January 2017

Volume: 98

Issue: 1

Pages: 2-3

Affiliations

[ ¹ ]Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3SY, UK

[ ² ]Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover D-30559, Germany

[ ³ ]Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Copenhagen University Hospital , Hvidovre, Denmark

[ ⁴ ]Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine Timone , 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France

[ ⁵ ]Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut , Südufer 10, Greifswald-Riems D-17493, Germany

[ ⁶ ]BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation , 94 Jackson Road, Suite 108, Devens, MA 01434, USA

[ ⁷ ]Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road , Abbott Park, IL 60064-6015, USA

[ ⁸ ]Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID/NIH , Bethesda, MD 20892, USA

[ ⁹ ]Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA

[ ¹⁰ ]Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK

[ ¹¹ ]Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242, USA

[ ¹² ]Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242, USA

Author notes

*Correspondence: Peter Simmonds, peter.simmonds@ 123456ndm.ox.ac.uk

Article

Publisher ID: 000672

DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000672

PMC ID: 5370391

PubMed ID: 28218572

SO-VID: 46899a32-3dd1-4d71-a483-7b19c2bd4523

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

History

Date received : 01 December 2016

Date accepted : 01 December 2016

Funding

Funded by: Wellcome Trust

Award ID: WT108418AIA

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology

Keywords: flaviviridae,taxonomy,ictv report

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology

Keywords: flaviviridae, taxonomy, ictv report

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