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      Optimized identification of microorganisms directly from positive blood cultures by MALDI-TOF to improve antimicrobial treatment Translated title: Optimización en el proceso de identificación directamente de hemocultivos positivos por MALDI-TOF para mejorar el tratamiento antimicrobiano

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Bacteriemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients worldwide. Early identification of microorganisms from blood culture can lead to improvement of treatment and outcomes.

          Methods

          The study was divided into two phases. The first phase when a comparison of the methods was made to check the concordance between them, using as a reference the standard method implemented in the laboratory. In a second phase, both methods are combined. We used the rapid identification method and when it could not identify we used the standard method. The microorganisms that were not identified by either of the two methods were identified from colony at 24 hours

          Results

          A total of 589 microbial positive blood cultures have been included in the present study. With the rapid method we obtained 96% and 88% identification results for Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) and Gram-positive cocci (GPC) respectively. In this study we observed that the combination of the rapid and standard method achieved identifications of 98% and 97% for GNB and GPC respectively.

          Conclusions

          The data analysed shows that both methods combined perform better than individually. We achieved an optimization of the identification of microorganisms directly from positive blood cultures by MALDI-TOF. This combination identified 98% of the microorganisms in between ten minutes to one hour and a half since the blood culture flagged positive.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción

          La bacteriemia es una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad entre los pacientes hospitalizados de todo el mundo. La identificación temprana de los microorganismos que están en la sangre, permite optimizar los tratamientos y conseguir mejores resultados.

          Material y métodos

          El estudio se dividió en dos fases. En la primera fase se realizó una comparación de los dos métodos para comprobar la concordancia entre ambos, tomando como referencia el método estándar implementado en el laboratorio. La segunda fase combinó ambos métodos para la identificación de hemocultivos positivos. Se utilizó el método de identificación rápida como primera opción y el método estándar solo cuando no se consiguió identificar por la primera opción. Los microorganismos que no fueron identificados por ninguno de los dos métodos, se identificaron directamente de la colonia crecida a las 24 horas.

          Resultados

          Se analizaron un total de 589 hemocultivos positivos en este estudio. Con el método rápido obtuvimos un 96% y 88% de identificación de bacilos gramnegativos y cocos grampositivos respectivamente. En este estudio observamos que la combinación del método rápido y el método estándar consiguió identificaciones del 98% y 97% para bacilos gram-negativos y cocos grampositivos respectivamente.

          Conclusiones

          Los datos analizados muestran que ambos métodos combinados consiguen mejores resultados que utilizados de forma individual. Logramos una optimización de la identificación de microorganismos directamente a partir de hemocultivos positivos por MALDI-TOF. Con esta combinación se identificó el 98% de los microorganismos entre los primeros 10 minutos y hora y media de hemocultivo positivo.

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          Most cited references22

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          Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis.

          Quantifying the benefit of early antibiotic treatment is crucial for decision making and can be assessed only in observational studies. We performed a systematic review of prospective studies reporting the effect of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment on all-cause mortality among adult inpatients with sepsis. Two reviewers independently extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa score. We calculated unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals for each study and extracted adjusted ORs, with variance, methods, and covariates being used for adjustment. ORs were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. We examined the effects of methodological and clinical confounders on results through subgroup analysis or mixed-effect meta-regression. Seventy studies were included, of which 48 provided an adjusted OR for inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment. Inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment was associated with significantly higher mortality in the unadjusted and adjusted comparisons, with considerable heterogeneity occurring in both analyses (I(2) > 70%). Study design, time of mortality assessment, the reporting methods of the multivariable models, and the covariates used for adjustment were significantly associated with effect size. Septic shock was the only clinical variable significantly affecting results (it was associated with higher ORs). Studies adjusting for background conditions and sepsis severity reported a pooled adjusted OR of 1.60 (95% confidence interval = 1.37 to 1.86; 26 studies; number needed to treat to prevent one fatal outcome, 10 patients [95% confidence interval = 8 to 15]; I(2) = 46.3%) given 34% mortality with inappropriate empirical treatment. Appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality. However, the methods used in the observational studies significantly affect the effect size reported. Methods of observational studies assessing the effects of antibiotic treatment should be improved and standardized.
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            Integrating rapid pathogen identification and antimicrobial stewardship significantly decreases hospital costs.

            Early diagnosis of gram-negative bloodstream infections, prompt identification of the infecting organism, and appropriate antibiotic therapy improve patient care outcomes and decrease health care expenditures. In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, methods to acquire and rapidly translate critical results into timely therapies for gram-negative bloodstream infections are needed. To determine whether mass spectrometry technology coupled with antimicrobial stewardship provides a substantially improved alternative to conventional laboratory methods. An evidence-based intervention that integrated matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and near-real-time antimicrobial stewardship practices was implemented. Outcomes in patients hospitalized prior to initiation of the study intervention were compared to those in patients treated after implementation. Differences in length of hospitalization and hospital costs were assessed in survivors. The mean hospital length of stay in the preintervention group survivors (n = 100) was 11.9 versus 9.3 days in the intervention group (n = 101; P = .01). After multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with decreased length of hospitalization included the intervention (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.88) and active therapy at 48 hours (hazard ratio, 2.9; confidence interval, 1.15-7.33). Mean hospital costs per patient were $45 709 in the preintervention group and $26 162 in the intervention group (P = .009). Integration of rapid identification and susceptibility techniques with antimicrobial stewardship significantly improved time to optimal therapy, and it decreased hospital length of stay and total costs. This innovative strategy has ramifications for other areas of patient care.
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              A multiplex lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid identification of NDM-, KPC-, IMP- and VIM-type and OXA-48-like carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae

              Abstract Objectives The global spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae represents a substantial challenge in clinical practice and rapid and reliable detection of these organisms is essential. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a lateral flow immunoassay (Carba5) for the detection of the five main carbapenemases (KPC-, NDM-, VIM- and IMP-type and OXA-48-like). Methods Carba5 was retrospectively and prospectively evaluated using 296 enterobacterial isolates from agar culture. An isolated colony was suspended in extraction buffer and then loaded on the manufactured Carba5. Results All 185 isolates expressing a carbapenemase related to one of the Carba5 targets were correctly and unambiguously detected in <15 min. All other isolates gave negative results except those producing OXA-163 and OXA-405, which are considered low-activity carbapenemases. No cross-reaction was observed with non-targeted carbapenemases, ESBLs, AmpCs or oxacillinases (OXA-1, -2, -9 and -10). Overall, this assay reached 100% sensitivity and 95.3% (retrospectively) to 100% (prospectively) specificity. Conclusions Carba5 is efficient, rapid and easy to implement in the routine workflow of a clinical microbiology laboratory for confirmation of the five main carbapenemases encountered in Enterobacteriaceae.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Quimioter
                Rev Esp Quimioter
                Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia
                Revista Española de Quimioterapia
                Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia
                0214-3429
                1988-9518
                23 May 2022
                2022
                : 35
                : 4
                : 362-369
                Affiliations
                [1]Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Paloma María García Clemente Clinical Microbiology Department: Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: palomamgarciaclemente@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                revespquimioter-35-362
                10.37201/req/135.2021
                9333125
                35614861
                4683b6c8-0495-4ce9-aba4-527cb2f432c7
                © The Author 2022

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

                History
                : 21 September 2021
                : 08 February 2022
                : 08 March 2022
                : 08 April 2022
                Categories
                Original

                maldi biotyper,antimicrobial treatment,direct identification,combination of methods,blood cultures,tipado maldi-tof,tratamiento antimicrobiano,identificación directa,combinación de métodos,hemocultivos

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