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      Effect of lactulose intervention on gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid composition of C57BL/6J mice

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          Abstract

          Gut microbiota have strong connections with health. Lactulose has been shown to regulate gut microbiota and benefit host health. In this study, the effect of short‐term (3 week) intervention of lactulose on gut microbiota was investigated. Gut microbiota were detected from mouse feces by 16S rRNA high‐throughput sequencing, and short chain fatty acids ( SCFAs) were detected by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry ( GC‐ MS). Lactulose intervention enhanced the α‐diversity of the gut microbiota; increased the abundance of hydrogen‐producing bacteria Prevotellaceae and Rikenellaceae, probiotics Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae, and mucin‐degrading bacteria Akkermansia and Helicobacter; decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria Desulfovibrionaceae and branched‐chain SCFAs ( BCFAs). These results suggest that lactulose intervention effectively increased the diversity and improved the structure of the intestinal microbiota, which may be beneficial for host health.

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          The influence of diet on the gut microbiota.

          Karen Scott, Silvia Gratz, Paul Sheridan … (2013)
          Diet is a major factor driving the composition and metabolism of the colonic microbiota. The amount, type and balance of the main dietary macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) have a great impact on the large intestinal microbiota. The human colon contains a dense population of bacterial cells that outnumber host cells 10-fold. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria are the three major phyla that inhabit the human large intestine and these bacteria possess a fascinating array of enzymes that can degrade complex dietary substrates. Certain colonic bacteria are able to metabolise a remarkable variety of substrates whilst other species carry out more specialised activities, including primary degradation of plant cell walls. Microbial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates results mainly in the formation of short chain fatty acids and gases. The major bacterial fermentation products are acetate, propionate and butyrate; and the production of these tends to lower the colonic pH. These weak acids influence the microbial composition and directly affect host health, with butyrate the preferred energy source for the colonocytes. Certain bacterial species in the colon survive by cross-feeding, using either the breakdown products of complex carbohydrate degradation or fermentation products such as lactic acid for growth. Microbial protein metabolism results in additional fermentation products, some of which are potentially harmful to host health. The current 'omic era promises rapid progress towards understanding how diet can be used to modulate the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota, allowing researchers to provide informed advice, that should improve long-term health status. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Towards microbial fermentation metabolites as markers for health benefits of prebiotics

            Kristin A. Verbeke, Alan Boobis, Alessandro Chiodini … (2015)
            Available evidence on the bioactive, nutritional and putative detrimental properties of gut microbial metabolites has been evaluated to support a more integrated view of how prebiotics might affect host health throughout life. The present literature inventory targeted evidence for the physiological and nutritional effects of metabolites, for example, SCFA, the potential toxicity of other metabolites and attempted to determine normal concentration ranges. Furthermore, the biological relevance of more holistic approaches like faecal water toxicity assays and metabolomics and the limitations of faecal measurements were addressed. Existing literature indicates that protein fermentation metabolites (phenol, p-cresol, indole, ammonia), typically considered as potentially harmful, occur at concentration ranges in the colon such that no toxic effects are expected either locally or following systemic absorption. The endproducts of saccharolytic fermentation, SCFA, may have effects on colonic health, host physiology, immunity, lipid and protein metabolism and appetite control. However, measuring SCFA concentrations in faeces is insufficient to assess the dynamic processes of their nutrikinetics. Existing literature on the usefulness of faecal water toxicity measures as indicators of cancer risk seems limited. In conclusion, at present there is insufficient evidence to use changes in faecal bacterial metabolite concentrations as markers of prebiotic effectiveness. Integration of results from metabolomics and metagenomics holds promise for understanding the health implications of prebiotic microbiome modulation but adequate tools for data integration and interpretation are currently lacking. Similarly, studies measuring metabolite fluxes in different body compartments to provide a more accurate picture of their nutrikinetics are needed.
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              A top-down systems biology view of microbiome-mammalian metabolic interactions in a mouse model

              Francois-Pierre Martin, Marc-Emmanuel Dumas, Yulan Wang … (2007)
              Symbiotic gut microorganisms (microbiome) interact closely with the mammalian host's metabolism and are important determinants of human health. Here, we decipher the complex metabolic effects of microbial manipulation, by comparing germfree mice colonized by a human baby flora (HBF) or a normal flora to conventional mice. We perform parallel microbiological profiling, metabolic profiling by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance of liver, plasma, urine and ileal flushes, and targeted profiling of bile acids by ultra performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and short-chain fatty acids in cecum by GC-FID. Top-down multivariate analysis of metabolic profiles reveals a significant association of specific metabotypes with the resident microbiome. We derive a transgenomic graph model showing that HBF flora has a remarkably simple microbiome/metabolome correlation network, impacting directly on the host's ability to metabolize lipids: HBF mice present higher ileal concentrations of tauro-conjugated bile acids, reduced plasma levels of lipoproteins but higher hepatic triglyceride content associated with depletion of glutathione. These data indicate that the microbiome modulates absorption, storage and the energy harvest from the diet at the systems level.
              Article 0 comments Cited 135 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lili Li:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0060-195X
                llli@yic.ac.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microbiologyopen
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microbiologyopen
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2045-8827
                Journal ID (publisher-id): MBO3
                Title: MicrobiologyOpen
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-8827
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 March 2018
                Publication date Collection: December 2018
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 6 ( doiID: 10.1002/mbo3.2018.7.issue-6 )
                Electronic Location Identifier: e00612
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Yantai Shandong China
                [ 2 ] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
                [ 3 ] Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Lili Li, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China.

                Email: llli@ 123456yic.ac.cn

                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0333-7445
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0060-195X
                Article
                Publisher ID: MBO3612
                DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.612
                PMC ID: 6291785
                PubMed ID: 29575825
                SO-VID: 46513cd7-3e88-4d0b-912b-88e3a1dd66e8
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 30 August 2017
                Date revision received : 30 January 2018
                Date accepted : 31 January 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 1, Pages: 8, Words: 5166
                Funding
                Funded by: National Key Research and Development plan
                Award ID: 2017YFC0506200
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 21306221
                Funded by: Science and Technology Major Project of Shandong Province
                Award ID: 2015ZDJS03002
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research
                Subject: Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id mbo3612
                cover-date December 2018
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:version=5.5.4 mode:remove_FC converted:13.12.2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: 16s rrna high‐throughput sequencing,gut microbiota,prebiotic,probiotics,short chain fatty acids
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: 16s rrna high‐throughput sequencing, gut microbiota, prebiotic, probiotics, short chain fatty acids

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