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      Sobre o debate freqüentista versus probabilista: "sorte de tolo" torna-se uma explicação plausível Translated title: On the frequentist and probabilistic debate: "dumb-luck" turns out to be a plausible explanation

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          Abstract

          Um debate entre Kahneman e colaboradores por um lado, e Gigerenzer e colaboradores e Cosmides e colaboradores por outro, tem ocorrido na área de raciocínio sobre probabilidades condicionais. Kahneman e Tversky propuseram que as pessoas tipicamente representam informações em termos de exemplos individuais, e, então, elas fazem julgamentos usando processos de raciocínio que se baseiam em tais exemplos. Cosmides e colaboradores, entretanto, propuseram que as pessoas tipicamente representam informações sobre freqüências populacionais. Uma série de problemas metodológicos nas comparações entre problemas freqüentistas e probabilistas levantadas por Gingerenzer e Hoffrage e por Cosmides e Tooby é discutida. Finalmente, discutimos uma possível estratégia, denominada por O'Brien, Roazzi e Dias de teoria Sorte de Tolo. Este artigo assegura que os problemas de formato freqüentista permitem a existência de uma estratégia de adivinhação que não existe nos problemas de formato probabilista, e levanta a possibilidade de que toda a literatura nesta área tem falsamente assumido que as respostas corretas se originam de apropriadas linhas de raciocínio, enquanto que respostas incorretas não, o que indica, de certa forma, que nem respostas corretas nem incorretas têm se originado de linhas de raciocínio Bayesiano.

          Translated abstract

          A debate between Kahneman and Tversky and their associates, on the one hand, and Gigerenzer and his associates and Cosmides and her associates, on the other hand, has been fought in the area of reasoning about conditional probabilities. Kahneman and Tversky proposed that people typically represent information in terms of individual exemplars, and thus people make judgments using reasoning processes that are based on such individual exemplars. Cosmides and Gigerenzer and their associates, however, proposed that people typically represent information about population frequencies. A series of confounds in the comparisons between frequentist and probabilist problems by Gigerenzer and Hoffrage, and by Cosmides and Tooby are discussed.. Finally, we discuss a possible strategy, labeled by O'Brien, Roazzi and Dias as "the dumb-luck theory". This proposal holds that frequentist-formatted problems made available a successful guessing strategy that was not available on the probabilist-formatted problems, and the proposal opens the possibility that the entire research literature in this area has falsely assumed that correct answers stem from appropriate lines of reasoning, whereas incorrect answers do not, indicating in such a way that neither the correct nor the incorrect answers have stemmed from Bayesian lines of reasoning at all.

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          Most cited references56

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          The logic of social exchange: has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task.

          In order to successfully engage in social exchange--cooperation between two or more individuals for mutual benefit--humans must be able to solve a number of complex computational problems, and do so with special efficiency. Following Marr (1982), Cosmides (1985) and Cosmides and Tooby (1989) used evolutionary principles to develop a computational theory of these adaptive problems. Specific hypotheses concerning the structure of the algorithms that govern how humans reason about social exchange were derived from this computational theory. This article presents a series of experiments designed to test these hypotheses, using the Wason selection task, a test of logical reasoning. Part I reports experiments testing social exchange theory against the availability theories of reasoning; Part II reports experiments testing it against Cheng and Holyoak's (1985) permission schema theory. The experimental design included eight critical tests designed to choose between social exchange theory and these other two families of theories; the results of all eight tests support social exchange theory. The hypothesis that the human mind includes cognitive processes specialized for reasoning about social exchange predicts the content effects found in these experiments, and parsimoniously explains those that have already been reported in the literature. The implications of this line of research for a modular view of human reasoning are discussed, as well as the utility of evolutionary biology in the development of computational theories.
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            The base-rate fallacy in probability judgments

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              On narrow norms and vague heuristics: A reply to Kahneman and Tversky.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                prc
                Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica
                Psicol. Reflex. Crit.
                Curso de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre )
                0102-7972
                2003
                : 16
                : 2
                : 389-402
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
                Article
                S0102-79722003000200019
                10.1590/S0102-79722003000200019
                463b23bf-a2b6-4554-8556-0cc3fa1ac41b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History

                probabilistic formatting,Raciocínio condicional,raciocínio Bayesiano,formato freqüentista,formato probabilista,Conditional reasoning,Bayesian reasoning,frequentist formatting

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