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      Identification of relevant differential genes to the divergent development of pectoral muscle in ducks by transcriptomic analysis

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The objective of this study was to identify candidate genes that play important roles in skeletal muscle development in ducks.

          Methods

          In this study, we investigated the transcriptional sequencing of embryonic pectoral muscles from two specialized lines: Liancheng white ducks (female) and Cherry valley ducks (male) hybrid Line A (LCA) and Line C (LCC) ducks. In addition, prediction of target genes for the differentially expressed mRNAs was conducted and the enriched gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes signaling pathways were further analyzed. Finally, a protein-to-protein interaction network was analyzed by using the target genes to gain insights into their potential functional association.

          Results

          A total of 1,428 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 762 being up-regulated genes and 666 being down-regulated genes in pectoral muscle of LCA and LCC ducks identified by RNA-seq (p<0.05). Meanwhile, 23 GO terms in the down-regulated genes and 75 GO terms in up-regulated genes were significantly enriched (p<0.05). Furthermore, the top 5 most enriched pathways were ECM-receptor interaction, fatty acid degradation, pyruvate degradation, PPAR signaling pathway, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Finally, the candidate genes including integrin b3 ( Itgb3), pyruvate kinase M1/2 ( Pkm), insulin-like growth factor 1 ( Igf1), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase ( Gpi), GABA type A receptor-associated protein-like 1 ( Gabarapl1), and thyroid hormone receptor beta ( Thrb) showed the most expression difference, and then were selected to verification by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The result of qRT-PCR was consistent with that of transcriptome sequencing.

          Conclusion

          This study provided information of molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental differences in skeletal muscles between specialized duck lines.

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          Most cited references38

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          PKM2, cancer metabolism, and the road ahead.

          A major metabolic aberration associated with cancer is a change in glucose metabolism. Isoform selection of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase has been implicated in the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells, and specific pyruvate kinase isoforms have been suggested to support divergent energetic and biosynthetic requirements of cells in tumors and normal tissues. PKM2 isoform expression has been closely linked to embryogenesis, tissue repair, and cancer. In contrast, forced expression of the PKM1 isoform has been associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation. Here, we discuss the role that PKM2 plays in cells and provide a historical perspective for how the study of PKM2 has contributed to understanding cancer metabolism. We also review recent studies that raise important questions with regard to the role of PKM2 in both normal and cancer cell metabolism.
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            Control of fresh meat quality through manipulation of muscle fiber characteristics.

            Variations of fresh meat quality exist because the quality traits are affected by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Because the meat quality is basically dependent on muscle fiber characteristics, numerous studies have reported the relationship between quality traits and fiber characteristics. Despite intensive research, the relationship is yet to be fully established, however, the present knowledge suggests several potential ways to manipulate muscle fiber characteristics to improve meat quality. The present paper reviews the definition of fresh meat quality, meat quality traits and variations of meat quality. Also, this review presents recent knowledge underlying the relationship between fresh meat quality traits and muscle fiber characteristics. Finally, the present work proposes several potential factors including breed, genotype, sex, hormone, growth performance, diet, muscle location, exercise and ambient temperature that can be used to manipulate muscle fiber characteristics and subsequently meat quality in animals.
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              Hepatic autophagy is suppressed in the presence of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: inhibition of FoxO1-dependent expression of key autophagy genes by insulin.

              Autophagy is essential for maintaining both survival and health of cells. Autophagy is normally suppressed by amino acids and insulin. It is unclear what happens to the autophagy activity in the presence of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. In this study, we examined the autophagy activity in the presence of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia and the associated mechanism. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia were induced in mice by a high fat diet, followed by measurements of autophagy markers. Our results show that autophagy was suppressed in the livers of mice with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Transcript levels of some key autophagy genes were also suppressed in the presence of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Conversely, autophagy activity was increased in the livers of mice with streptozotocin-induced insulin deficiency. Levels of vps34, atg12, and gabarapl1 transcripts were elevated in the livers of mice with insulin deficiency. To study the mechanism, autophagy was induced by nutrient deprivation or glucagon in cultured hepatocytes in the presence or absence of insulin. Autophagy activity and transcript levels of vps34, atg12, and gabarapl1 genes were reduced by insulin. The effect of insulin was largely prevented by overexpression of the constitutive nuclear form of FoxO1. Importantly, autophagy of mitochondria (mitophagy) in cultured cells was suppressed by insulin in the presence of insulin resistance. Together, our results show that autophagy activity and expression of some key autophagy genes were suppressed in the presence of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Insulin suppression of autophagy involves FoxO1-mediated transcription of key autophagy genes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Anim Biosci
                Anim Biosci
                Animal Bioscience
                Animal Bioscience
                2765-0189
                2765-0235
                August 2024
                1 April 2024
                : 37
                : 8
                : 1345-1354
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
                [2 ]Nanjing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Poultry Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Authors: Debing Yu, Tel: +86-25-84395314, Fax: +86-25-84395314, E-mail: yudebing@ 123456njau.edu.cn . Minli Yu, Tel: +86-25-84395036, Fax: +86-25-84395036, E-mail: yuminli@ 123456njau.edu.cn
                [a]

                These authors contribute equal to this paper.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6274-6100
                https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3152-9874
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-831X
                https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1644-1694
                https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8225-8010
                https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1353-3243
                https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3842-232X
                https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8378-2286
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4803-8580
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-6985
                Article
                ab-23-0505
                10.5713/ab.23.0505
                11222850
                38575126
                45c5acb2-3928-4e24-8395-9d4f34240efa
                Copyright © 2024 by Animal Bioscience

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

                History
                : 1 December 2023
                : 12 January 2024
                : 26 January 2024
                Categories
                Article
                Animal Breeding and Genetics

                ducks,gene expression,myofiber characteristics,skeletal muscles,transcriptomics

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