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      Cysticercose of the central nervous system: II. Spinal cysticercose Translated title: Cisticercose do sistema nervoso central: II. Cisticercose raquídea

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          Abstract

          The compromising of the spinal canal by cysticercus is considered infrequent, varying from 16 to 20% in relation to the brain involvement. In the spinal canal the cysticercus predominantly places in the subarachnoid space. Clinical signs in spinal cysticercosis can be caused by direct compression of the spinal cord/roots by cisticerci and by local or at distance inflammatory reactions (arachnoiditis). Another mechanism of lesion is degeneration of the spinal cord due to pachymeningitis or circulatory insufficiency. The most frequent clinical features are signs of spinal cord and/or cauda equina compression. The diagnosis of spinal cysticercosis is based on evidence of cerebral cysticercosis and on neuroradiological examinations (myelography and myelo-CT) that show signs of arachnoiditis and images of cysts in the subarachnoid space and sometimes, signs of intramedullary lesions, but the confirmation can only be made through immunological reactions in the CSF or during surgery. The clinical course of 10 patients with diagnosis of spinal cysticercosis observed among 182 patients submitted to surgical treatment due to this diasease are analyzed. The clinical pictures in all cases were signs of spinal cord or roots compression. All but two presented previously signs of brain cysticercosis. Neuroradiological examinations showed signs of arachnoiditis in 4 patients, images of cysts in the subarachnoid space in 5, and signs of arachnoiditis and images of cysts in one. The 6 patients that presented intraspinal cysts were submitted to exeresis of the cysts and 2 patients with total blockage of the spinal canal underwent surgery for diagnosis. The 2 remaining patients with arachnoiditis and blockge of the spinal canal were clinically treated. All of the six patients submitted to cyst exeresis had initial improvement but 4 of them later developed arachnoiditis and recurrence of the clinical signs and only 2 remained well for long-term. The 2 non operated patients had no improvement of their clinical signs. Two patients died later due to complications of cerebral cysticercosis. Based on the experience acquired in the management of these patients we indicate surgical treatment for patients that present free cyst in subarachnoid space. For those who present arachnoiditis, surgery is indicated only when there is doubt in the diagnosis. Intramedullary cysts should also be surgically treated.

          Translated abstract

          O comprometimento do canal raquídeo na neurocisticercose é pouco frequente variando de 1,6 a 20% em relação ao encefálico. No canal raquídeo os cisticercos localizam-se predominantemente no espaço subaracnóideo. As manifestações clínicas da cisticercose raquídea mais frequentes são sinais e sintomas de compressão da medula e/ ou da cauda equina, que podem ser causadas por compressão direta por cisticercos e por reação inflamatória à distância, ou por degeneração da medula por paquimeningite ou por insuficiência circulatória. O diagnóstico da cisticercose raquídea é baseado no antecedente de cisticercose encefálica e nos exames neurorradiológicos (mielografia e mielotomografía) que mostram sinais de aracnoidite e imagens de cistos no espaço subaracnóideo e, ocasionalmente, sinais de lesões intramedulares. Entretanto, estas lesões não são específicas e a confirmação do diagnóstico depende da positividade de reações imunológicas no LCR ou da observação cirúrgica. Neste estudo foram analisadas retrospectivamente as evoluções clínicas de 10 pacientes com cisticercose raquídea observados entre 182 pacientes que necessitaram de tratamento cirúrgico devido à cisticercose do SNC. As manifestações clínicas em todos os casos foram sinais de compressão medular ou da cauda equina. Oito pacientes apresentaram sinais prévios de cisticercose encefálica. Os exames neurorradiológicos mostraram sinais de aracnoidite em 4 pacientes, imagens de cistos no espaço subracnóideo em 5 e sinais de aracnoidite e imagens de cistos em um. Os 6 pacientes que apresentaram cistos raquídeos foram submetidos a exérese de cistos e 2 pacientes com bloqueio total do canal raquídeo foram submetidos a cirurgia para esclarecimento diagnóstico. Os 2 pacientes restantes, com aracnoidite e bloqueio do canal raquídeo, foram tratados clinicamente. Os 6 pacientes submetidos a exérese de cistos apresentaram melhora transitória pós-operatória, mas 4 deles desenvolveram aracnoidite e tiveram recidiva dos sinais clínicos; os outros 2 permanecem bem. Os 2 pacientes não operados não tiveram melhora clínica. Dois pacientes morreram tardiamente devido a complicações da cisticercose encefálica. Basedos na experiência adquirida no tratamento destes pacientes, indicamos cirurgia para os pacientes que apresentam cistos livres no espaço subaracnóideo no canal raquídeo. Para os pacientes que apresentam aracnoidite, a cirurgia é indicada somente quando há dúvida diagnostica. Os pacientes com cisticercos intramedulares também devem ser tratados cirurgicamente.

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          Neurocysticercosis: a new classification based on active and inactive forms. A study of 753 cases.

          Cysticercosis of the central nervous system, because of the combination of inflammatory response, topography of lesions, degree of parasitic infestation, and sequelae of previous infestations produces a most variable clinical picture. The symptomatology may range from a discrete neurological disturbance to the most dramatic brain disorder. Severity of the disease, prognosis, and medical or surgical decision for treatment largely depend on the individual amalgam of the above-referred factors. An improved classification of neurocysticercosis (NCC) that delineates active from inactive forms of the disease will eventually be important in the research of immunodiagnosis and in therapeutic trials. In this report, a classification is presented that separates active from nonactive forms of NCC and is based on our experience with 735 patients studied. Characteristics of each form of NCC, frequency of principal signs and symptoms, and findings in cerebrospinal fluid analysis are discussed.
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            Comparison of therapeutic regimen of anticysticercal drugs for parenchymal brain cysticercosis.

            The efficacy of different regimens of therapy for parenchymal brain cysticercosis either with praziquantel (PZQ) or with albendazole (ALB) was compared in 114 patients. Four schemes of treatment were used: PZQ 50 mg/kg per day for 15 days, PZQ 50 mg/kg per day for 8 days, ALB 15 mg/kg per day for 30 days, and ALB 15 mg/kg per day for 8 days. Three months after therapy, it was apparent that both PZQ and ALB were effective, as shown by the disappearance of cystic lesions in computed tomographic scans. Thirty-three control patients followed for a mean of 11 months had no spontaneous remission of lesions. When comparing PZQ with ALB, the latter was found to be more effective than the former for both the full and the short course of treatment: 85% vs 60% and 85% vs 48% disappearance of lesions, respectively (P less than 0.001). Comparison of the full vs the short course of PZQ showed that the short course had a further 12% reduction in drug effectiveness. In contrast, the length of ALB therapy could be shortened without lessening its efficacy. Based on these results, an 8-day course of ALB is recommended as treatment for parenchymal brain cysticercosis; a 15-day course of PZQ could be subsequently used in those patients who show only partial response to ALB.
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              Cisticercose do sistema nervoso central: considerações sobre 50 casos

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                anp
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.
                Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - ABNEURO (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0004-282X
                1678-4227
                June 1994
                : 52
                : 2
                : 187-199
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversity of São Paulo orgdiv1Ribeirão Preto Medical School orgdiv2Department of Surgery
                Article
                S0004-282X1994000200007 S0004-282X(94)05200207
                10.1590/S0004-282X1994000200007
                45a29f9c-8c37-42a5-a516-60c1241f554a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 120, Pages: 13
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                SciELO Brazil


                cisticercose raquídea,diagnóstico,tratamento,spinal cysticercosis,diagnosis,treatment

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