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      Allelic variation in rice Fertilization Independent Endosperm 1 contributes to grain width under high night temperature stress

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          • A higher minimum (night‐time) temperature is considered a greater limiting factor for reduced rice yield than a similar increase in maximum (daytime) temperature. While the physiological impact of high night temperature (HNT) has been studied, the genetic and molecular basis of HNT stress response remains unexplored.

          • We examined the phenotypic variation for mature grain size (length and width) in a diverse set of rice accessions under HNT stress. Genome‐wide association analysis identified several HNT‐specific loci regulating grain size as well as loci that are common for optimal and HNT stress conditions.

          • A novel locus contributing to grain width under HNT conditions colocalized with Fie1, a component of the FIS‐PRC2 complex. Our results suggest that the allelic difference controlling grain width under HNT is a result of differential transcript‐level response of Fie1 in grains developing under HNT stress.

          • We present evidence to support the role of Fie1 in grain size regulation by testing overexpression (OE) and knockout mutants under heat stress. The OE mutants were either unaltered or had a positive impact on mature grain size under HNT, while the knockouts exhibited significant grain size reduction under these conditions.

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          Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.

          The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification. Absolute quantification determines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal of the target transcript in a treatment group to that of another sample such as an untreated control. The 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method is a convenient way to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments. The purpose of this report is to present the derivation, assumptions, and applications of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. In addition, we present the derivation and applications of two variations of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method that may be useful in the analysis of real-time, quantitative PCR data. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science (USA).
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            Solutions for a cultivated planet.

            Increasing population and consumption are placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. Today, approximately a billion people are chronically malnourished while our agricultural systems are concurrently degrading land, water, biodiversity and climate on a global scale. To meet the world's future food security and sustainability needs, food production must grow substantially while, at the same time, agriculture's environmental footprint must shrink dramatically. Here we analyse solutions to this dilemma, showing that tremendous progress could be made by halting agricultural expansion, closing 'yield gaps' on underperforming lands, increasing cropping efficiency, shifting diets and reducing waste. Together, these strategies could double food production while greatly reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.
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              Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates.

              Wheat, rice, maize, and soybean provide two-thirds of human caloric intake. Assessing the impact of global temperature increase on production of these crops is therefore critical to maintaining global food supply, but different studies have yielded different results. Here, we investigated the impacts of temperature on yields of the four crops by compiling extensive published results from four analytical methods: global grid-based and local point-based models, statistical regressions, and field-warming experiments. Results from the different methods consistently showed negative temperature impacts on crop yield at the global scale, generally underpinned by similar impacts at country and site scales. Without CO2 fertilization, effective adaptation, and genetic improvement, each degree-Celsius increase in global mean temperature would, on average, reduce global yields of wheat by 6.0%, rice by 3.2%, maize by 7.4%, and soybean by 3.1%. Results are highly heterogeneous across crops and geographical areas, with some positive impact estimates. Multimethod analyses improved the confidence in assessments of future climate impacts on global major crops and suggest crop- and region-specific adaptation strategies to ensure food security for an increasing world population.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                hwalia2@unl.edu
                Journal
                New Phytol
                New Phytol
                10.1111/(ISSN)1469-8137
                NPH
                The New Phytologist
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0028-646X
                1469-8137
                23 September 2020
                January 2021
                : 229
                : 1 , Featured papers on ‘Flooding stress resilience’ ( doiID: 10.1111/nph.v229.1 )
                : 335-350
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln NE 68583 USA
                [ 2 ] Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
                [ 3 ] Delta Water Management Research Unit USDA‐ARS Jonesboro AR 72401 USA
                [ 4 ] Department of Chemistry and Physics Arkansas Biosciences Institute Arkansas State University Jonesboro AR 72467 USA
                [ 5 ] Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Author for correspondence:

                Harkamal Walia

                Email: hwalia2@ 123456unl.edu

                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3577-962X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8220-8021
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7863-2532
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6861-0193
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-8820
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-0275
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3567-6911
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9712-5824
                Article
                NPH16897 2020-32193
                10.1111/nph.16897
                7756756
                32858766
                455d1384-1778-488d-97a6-cecb7217c48c
                © 2020 The Authors New Phytologist © 2020 New Phytologist Trust

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 08 January 2020
                : 09 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 1, Pages: 16, Words: 13549
                Funding
                Funded by: U.S. National Science Foundation , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: 1736192
                Categories
                Full Paper
                Research
                Full Papers
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                January 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.6 mode:remove_FC converted:23.12.2020

                Plant science & Botany
                fis‐prc2,genome‐wide association analysis,grain development,grain quality,grain size,heat stress,rice,starch

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