Catherine Alves:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4841-3133
Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole:
VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Abel Valdivia: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole:
MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original
draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Richard B. Aronson: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole:
Writing – review & editing
Nadia Bood: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole:
InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review &
editing
Karl D. Castillo: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole:
ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
Courtney Cox: Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole:
ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Clare Fieseler: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole:
InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing
– review & editing
Zachary Locklear: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
Melanie McField: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole:
InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole:
Writing – review & editing
Laura Mudge: Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
James Umbanhowar: Role: Formal analysis
John F. Bruno:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2063-4185
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole:
MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing
– original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Loren D. Coen: Role: Editor
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Title:
PLoS ONE
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
(San Francisco, CA USA
)
ISSN
(Electronic):
1932-6203
Publication date
(Electronic):
18
January
2022
Publication date Collection: 2022
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Electronic Location Identifier: e0249155
Affiliations
[1
]
Environment, Ecology, and Energy Program, The University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
[2
]
ECS Federal, Inc., in support of Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Social Science
Branch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Narragansett, RI, United
States of America
[3
]
Rare, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
[4
]
Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology,
Melbourne, Florida, United States of America
[5
]
World Wildlife Fund Mesoamerica, Belize Field Programme Office, Belize City, Belize,
Central America
[6
]
Department of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
[7
]
Science, Technology, and International Affairs Program, Georgetown University, Washington,
District of Columbia, United States of America
[8
]
Green Bay Wildlife Conservation Office, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, New
Franken, Wisconsin, United States of America
[9
]
Healthy Reefs for Healthy People Initiative, Smithsonian Institution, Fort Pierce,
FL, United States of America
[10
]
Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina, United States of America
[11
]
Integral Consulting Inc., Annapolis, Maryland, United States of America
Florida Atlantic University, UNITED STATES
Author notes
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. CA is currently employed
at ECS Federal Inc. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing
data and materials
Author information
Article
Publisher ID:
PONE-D-21-07319
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249155
PMC ID: 8765652
PubMed ID: 35041688
SO-VID: 44be008f-1cf5-48ad-872c-6e003e561483
License:
This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced,
distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any
lawful purpose. The work is made available under the
Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Funded by:
National Science Foundation
Award ID: DGE-1650116
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4841-3133
Catherine Alves
Funded by:
funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008982, National Science Foundation;
Award ID: OCE-0940019
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2063-4185
John F. Bruno
Funded by:
funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008982, National Science Foundation;
Award ID: OCE-1535007
Award Recipient
:
Richard B. Aronson
Funded by:
The Rufford Small Grant Foundation
Award Recipient
:
Courtney Cox
Funded by:
The National Geographic Society
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2063-4185
John F. Bruno
Funded by:
The Nicholas School International Internship Fund at Duke University
Award Recipient
:
Clare Fieseler
Funded by:
The International Society for Reef Studies/Center for Marine Conservation Reef Ecosystem
Science Fellowship
Funded by:
The Elsie and William Knight, Jr. Fellowship from the Department of Marine Science
at the University of South Florida
Funded by:
The J. William Fulbright program
Funded by:
The Organization of American States Fellowship
Funded by:
The World Wildlife Fund-Education for Nature Program
Funded by:
The Kuzimer-Lee-Nikitine Endowment Fund
Funded by:
The Lazar Foundation
Funded by:
The Environment, Ecology and Energy Program, the Department of Biology, and the Chancellor’s
Funded by:
Science Scholar Research Fund at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
This manuscript is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (DGE-1650116
to CA, OCE-0940019 to JFB, and partial support from OCE-1535007 to RBA), the Rufford
Small Grant Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the International Society
for Reef Studies/Center for Marine Conservation Reef Ecosystem Science Fellowship,
the Elsie and William Knight, Jr. Fellowship from the Department of Marine Science
at the University of South Florida, the J. William Fulbright program, the Organization
of American States Fellowship, the World Wildlife Fund-Education for Nature Program,
the Kuzimer-Lee-Nikitine Endowment Fund, the Nicholas School International Internship
Fund at Duke University, the Lazar Foundation, and the Environment, Ecology and Energy
Program, the Department of Biology, and the Chancellor’s Science Scholar Research
Fund at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Any opinions, findings, and
conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors
and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funders. The funders had no role in
study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of
the manuscript. CA is currently employed at ECS Federal Inc., this agency played no
role in this study. The funders provided support in the form of salaries for all authors,
but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis,
decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these
authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
Subject:
Research Article
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Marine Biology
Subject:
Coral Reefs
Subject:
Earth Sciences
Subject:
Marine and Aquatic Sciences
Subject:
Marine Biology
Subject:
Coral Reefs
Subject:
Earth Sciences
Subject:
Marine and Aquatic Sciences
Subject:
Reefs
Subject:
Coral Reefs
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Marine Biology
Subject:
Corals
Subject:
Earth Sciences
Subject:
Marine and Aquatic Sciences
Subject:
Marine Biology
Subject:
Corals
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Eukaryota
Subject:
Plants
Subject:
Algae
Subject:
Earth Sciences
Subject:
Marine and Aquatic Sciences
Subject:
Oceanography
Subject:
Ocean Temperature
Subject:
Physical Sciences
Subject:
Chemistry
Subject:
Chemical Reactions
Subject:
Bleaching
Subject:
People and places
Subject:
Geographical locations
Subject:
North America
Subject:
Central America
Subject:
Belize
Subject:
Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Subject:
Pollution
Subject:
Water Pollution
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Eukaryota
Subject:
Animals
Subject:
Invertebrates
Subject:
Sponges
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Zoology
Subject:
Animals
Subject:
Invertebrates
Subject:
Sponges