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      Trends in cancer incidence in Uruguay: 2002 -2015. Translated title: Tendencias de la incidencia de cáncer en Uruguay: 2002-2015

      research-article
      1 , 2 , , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2
      Colombia Médica : CM
      Universidad del Valle
      Neoplasms, incidence, trends, Uruguay, urinary bladder neoplasms, stomach neoplasms, tobacco, Latin America, testicular germ cell tumor, testicular neoplasms, breast neoplasms, uterine cervical neoplasms, noncommunicable diseases, thyroid gland, carcinoma, transitional cell, Neoplasmas, incidencia, tendencia, Uruguay, neoplasias de la vejiga urinaria, neoplasias estomacales, tabaco, America Latina, tumor de células germinales testiculares, neoplasias testiculares, neoplasias de la mama, neoplasias cervicales uterinas, enfermedades no transmisibles, glándula tiroides, carcinoma de células transicionales

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Uruguay is the south American country which has the highest cancer incidence and mortality rates. The National Cancer Registry collects data on cancer cases nationwide since 1989 and has reached high quality standards in the last decades. This is the first report on incidence trends.

          Methods:

          Data from the National Cancer Registry of all new cases of invasive cancer from twelve sites diagnosed in 2002-2015 was analyzed. Age-standardized rates were calculated. Trends of incidence rates were analyzed using joinpoint regression models.

          Results:

          For both, men and women, incidence rates trends for all cancer sites, colo-rectal and bladder cancer remained stable. Esophageal and gastric cancers descended while thyroid and kidney cancer incidence increased. In men lung cancer decreased; testicular cancer increased, and prostate cancer increased at the beginning of the period and decreased in the final years. In women, lung cancer increased, breast cancer remained stable and cervical cancer presented a significant decline from 2005 to 2010 and reached a plateau since then.

          Conclusion:

          Cancer incidence dynamics are complex and affected not only by Public Health policies such as tobacco control, vaccination and screening programs, but also by environmental and life style changes and the attitude of the medical community towards the application of diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The aim of this paper is to analyze cancer incidence time trends in the country and provide possible explanations to them.

          Resumen

          Introducción:

          Uruguay es el país de Sudamerica que tiene las mayores tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer. El Registro Nacional de Cáncer recoge los datos de cáncer de todo el país desde 1989 y en las últimas décadas ha alcanzado los más altos estándares de calidad. Este es el primer reporte de tendencias de incidencia de cáncer de Uruguay.

          Métodos:

          Se analizaron los datos de todos los casos de cáncer invasivo diagnosticados entre 2002 y 2015 incluidos en el Registro Nacional de Cáncer y los de once topografías en particular. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia estandarizada y se analizaron las tendencias utilizando los modelos de regresión de Joinpoint.

          Resultados:

          Las tasas de incidencia de cáncer colorrectal, vejiga y todos los sitios reunidos se mantuvieron estables tanto en hombres como en mujeres. La tasa de incidencia de cáncer de estómago y esófago disminuyeron mientras que las de tiroides y riñón aumentaron. En los hombres, el cáncer de pulmón disminuyó, el cáncer de testículo aumentó y el de próstata aumentó en un lapso inicial y decreció en los últimos años. En las mujeres el cáncer de pulmón aumentó y el de mama se mantuvo estable mientras que el cáncer de cérvix presentó un descenso significativo entre 2005 y 2010 alcanzando una meseta desde entonces.

          Conclusión:

          La dinámica de la incidencia de cáncer es compleja y está afectada no sólo por las políticas de Salud Pública como las campañas de control de tabaco, vacunación y programas de tamizaje sino por los cambios ambientales y de los estilos de vida y la actitud de los médicos respecto a la aplicación de técnicas diagnósticas y terapéuticas. En este trabajo se analizan las tendencias de incidencia en el país y se plantean posibles explicaciones para los cambios.

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          Most cited references38

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          Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates.

          The identification of changes in the recent trend is an important issue in the analysis of cancer mortality and incidence data. We apply a joinpoint regression model to describe such continuous changes and use the grid-search method to fit the regression function with unknown joinpoints assuming constant variance and uncorrelated errors. We find the number of significant joinpoints by performing several permutation tests, each of which has a correct significance level asymptotically. Each p-value is found using Monte Carlo methods, and the overall asymptotic significance level is maintained through a Bonferroni correction. These tests are extended to the situation with non-constant variance to handle rates with Poisson variation and possibly autocorrelated errors. The performance of these tests are studied via simulations and the tests are applied to U.S. prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe.

            There is growing evidence that excess body weight increases the risk of cancer at several sites, including kidney, endometrium, colon, prostate, gallbladder and breast in post-menopausal women. The proportion of all cancers attributable to overweight has, however, never been systematically estimated. We reviewed the epidemiological literature and quantitatively summarised, by meta-analysis, the relationship between excess weight and the risk of developing cancer at the 6 sites listed above. Estimates were then combined with sex-specific estimates of the prevalence of overweight [body mass index (BMI) 25-29 kg/m(2)] and obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)) in each country in the European Union to obtain the proportion of cancers attributable to excess weight. Overall, excess body mass accounts for 5% of all cancers in the European Union, 3% in men and 6% in women, corresponding to 27,000 male and 45,000 female cancer cases yearly. The attributable proportion varied, in men, between 2.1% for Greece and 4.9% for Germany and, in women, between 3.9% for Denmark and 8.8% for Spain. The highest attributable proportions were obtained for cancers of the endometrium (39%), kidney (25% in both sexes) and gallbladder (25% in men and 24% in women). The largest number of attributable cases was for colon cancer (21,500 annual cases), followed by endometrium (14,000 cases) and breast (12,800 cases). Some 36,000 cases could be avoided by halving the prevalence of overweight and obese people in Europe.
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              Epidemiology and pathogenesis of esophageal cancer.

              Esophageal cancer remains an important public health problem worldwide. Understanding and preventing the occurrence of this cancer are complicated by the fact that the 2 major histologic types, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ACE), differ substantially in their underlying patterns of incidence and key etiologic factors. The main characteristic that they share is a high mortality rate. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data for the United States show a 30% drop in incidence of SCC between 1973 and 2002, with declines greatest in black males, although incidence in this group remains high compared with other groups. Incidence of ACE has increased 4-fold over the same period, with a nearly 5-fold increase in white males. Alcohol and smoking are major, established risk factors for SCC. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is consistently associated with increased risk of ACE, whereas infection with Helicobacter pylori may reduce its incidence. Increasing body mass index is also strongly associated with ACE risk while showing no association or an inverse relationship with SCC. Diet affects both types of esophageal cancer, with a higher intake of fruits and vegetables associated with reduced incidence. Aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are currently the most promising chemoprevention candidates for both cancer types. Lifestyle changes, such as weight loss and exercise, are additional ways in which the incidence of ACE might be reduced.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Colomb Med (Cali)
                Colombia Médica : CM
                Universidad del Valle
                0120-8322
                1657-9534
                30 December 2019
                Oct-Dec 2019
                : 50
                : 4
                : 224-238
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidad de la República, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos. Montevideo, Uruguay
                [2 ]Registro Nacional de Cáncer, Comisión Honoraria de Lucha contra el Cáncer. Montevideo, Uruguay
                Author notes
                Mariela Garau, MD. Brandzen 1961 Of 1201. Montevideo, Uruguay. CP 11200. E-mail: garaum@ 123456urucan.org.uy

                Conflict of interest: None

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9632-7539
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1282-5590
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7414-3221
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6608-8605
                Article
                10.25100/cm.v50i4.4212
                7232944
                32476689
                44812ca3-aaa9-4453-9242-cd729a5c8cd3
                Copyright © 2019 Universidad del Valle

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 09 September 2019
                : 17 November 2019
                : 26 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 72, Pages: 15
                Categories
                Original Article

                neoplasms,incidence,trends,uruguay,urinary bladder neoplasms,stomach neoplasms,tobacco,latin america,testicular germ cell tumor,testicular neoplasms,breast neoplasms,uterine cervical neoplasms,noncommunicable diseases,thyroid gland,carcinoma, transitional cell,neoplasmas,incidencia,tendencia,neoplasias de la vejiga urinaria,neoplasias estomacales,tabaco,america latina,tumor de células germinales testiculares,neoplasias testiculares,neoplasias de la mama,neoplasias cervicales uterinas,enfermedades no transmisibles,glándula tiroides,carcinoma de células transicionales

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