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      Perioperative use of levosimendan in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis Translated title: Uso perioperatorio de levosimendán en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiaca: revisión sistemática de la literatura y metaanálisis

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery frequently develop low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS). Multiple interventions including levosimendan have been used in the prevention and treatment of LCOS. Preliminary studies reported lower mortality respect to placebo or other inotropes, however, recently, 3 clinical trials found no benefit against this outcome. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the evidence of levosimendan on mortality and secondary outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and to determine the sources of heterogeneity. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of levosimendan in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We obtained the odds ratio (OR) of mortality and other outcomes such as kidney injury with dialysis requirement and LCOS, using fixed and random effects models. The risk of bias was assessed and the sources of heterogeneity were explored. Results: Of 47 studies identified, 14 studies were selected (n=2752). Regarding the mortality outcome and use of levosimendan, only a decrease was found in the studies of low quality (OR 0,30; CI 95%, 0,18 to 0,51). While high-quality studies, there was no protective effect (OR 0.99,95% CI 0.70-1.40) with an I2 = 0%. The quality of the studies and ejection fraction were the main sources of heterogeneity. Conclusion: In high-quality studies, the use of levosimendan in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery has no effect on 30-day mortality. There was a protective effect on postoperative renal failure with dialysis.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: Los pacientes llevados a cirugía cardiaca tienen riesgo de desarrollar síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco posoperatorio (SBGC). Estudios previos han encontrado una menor mortalidad con levosimendán respecto a placebo u otros inotrópicos; sin embargo, tres experimentos clínicos no encontraron beneficio frente a este desenlace. Objetivo: Evaluar la evidencia del levosimendán sobre la mortalidad y los desenlaces secundarios en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiaca, y determinar las fuentes de heterogeneidad. Métodos: Mediante una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de los experimentos clínicos que evaluaron la eficacia del levosimendán en los pacientes llevados a cirugía cardiaca, se evaluó la eficacia en la mortalidad y en otros desenlaces, como lesión renal y SBGC, utilizando los modelos de efectos fijos y aleatorios. Resultados: De 47 estudios identificados, fueron seleccionados 14 (n = 2752). Respecto al desenlace de mortalidad y el uso de levosimendán solo se encontró una disminución en los estudios de baja calidad (OR 0.30; IC 95%, 0.18-0.51), mientras que para los de alta calidad no hubo efecto protector (OR 0.99; IC 95%, 0.70-1.40) con un I2=0%. La calidad de los estudios y la fracción de eyección fueron las principales fuentes de heterogeneidad. Conclusión: el uso del levosimendán en los pacientes llevados a cirugía cardiovascular no tiene efectos sobre la mortalidad a 30 días en los estudios de alta calidad. Hubo efecto protector sobre la falla renal postoperatoria con necesidad de diálisis.

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          Most cited references41

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          Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update

          Circulation, 133(4)
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            Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry International Report 2016.

            Data on extracorporeal life support (ECLS) use and survival submitted to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization's data registry from the inception of the registry in 1989 through July 1, 2016, are summarized in this report. The registry contained information on 78,397 ECLS patients with 58% survival to hospital discharge. Extracorporeal life support use and centers providing ECLS have increased worldwide. Extracorporeal life support use in the support of adults with respiratory and cardiac failure represented the largest growth in the recent time period. Extracorporeal life support indications are expanding, and it is increasingly being used to support cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children and adults. Adverse events during the course of ECLS are common and underscore the need for skilled ECLS management and appropriately trained ECLS personnel and teams.
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              Levosimendan: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications: consensus of experts on the mechanisms of action of levosimendan.

              The molecular background of the Ca(2+)-sensitizing effect of levosimendan relates to its specific interaction with the Ca(2+)-sensor troponin C molecule in the cardiac myofilaments. Over the years, significant preclinical and clinical evidence has accumulated and revealed a variety of beneficial pleiotropic effects of levosimendan and of its long-lived metabolite, OR-1896. First of all, activation of ATP-sensitive sarcolemmal K(+) channels of smooth muscle cells appears as a powerful vasodilator mechanism. Additionally, activation of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels in the mitochondria potentially extends the range of cellular actions towards the modulation of mitochondrial ATP production and implicates a pharmacological mechanism for cardioprotection. Finally, it has become evident, that levosimendan possesses an isoform-selective phosphodiesterase-inhibitory effect. Interpretation of the complex mechanism of levosimendan action requires that all potential pharmacological interactions are analyzed carefully in the framework of the currently available evidence. These data indicate that the cardiovascular effects of levosimendan are exerted via more than an isolated drug-receptor interaction, and involve favorable energetic and neurohormonal changes that are unique in comparison to other types of inodilators. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rca
                Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología
                Rev. colomb. anestesiol.
                SCARE-Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación (Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia )
                0120-3347
                September 2019
                : 47
                : 3
                : 142-153
                Affiliations
                [3] Bogotá Bogotá orgnameUniversidad Militar Nueva Granada Colombia
                [2] Bogotá Bogotá orgnameUniversidad Militar Nueva Granada Colombia
                [1] orgnameUniversidad de la Sabana Colombia
                Article
                S0120-33472019000300142
                10.1097/cj9.0000000000000121
                438d7cf1-3aaa-4027-b81a-3d030fbc5e73

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Scientific and technological research

                Meta-analysis,Mortality,Cardiac Output,Low,Acute Kidney Injury,Dialysis,Atrial fibrillation,Metaanálisis,mortalidad,Gasto cardiaco bajo,Lesión renal aguda,Diálisis,Fibrilación auricular posoperatoria

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